Julius Ceasar

Brutus gives his thoughts of killing Caesar in William Shakespeare’s tragedy Julius Caesaract 2 scene 1. In Brutus’s soliloquy he reveals how Caesar â€Å"might change his nature† (4). Brutus also states â€Å"he may do danger† (8). What Brutus is referring to is if Caesar gets crowned he might abuse his power. Brutus is an honorable man who is for the people of Rome. Although this might not be his reasoning for killing Caesar. It may be that Brutus himself wants power. Therefore Brutus is willing to do anything necessary to get what he wants. The metaphor Brutus uses in his soliloquy is how Caesar may climb â€Å"young ambitions ladder† (13). Brutus repeats that Caesar is climbing a ladder to get what he wants. To repeat Brutus declares â€Å"whereto the climber-upward turn’s his face but when he once attains the upmost round he then unto the ladder turns his back† (14-16). To be sure Brutus wants to join the conspirators to kill Caesar, Brutus articulates how Caesar will turn his back on the people that he once used to get to the high place he wants to be at, which is the crown. â€Å"So Caesar may† (18). Which means Caesar might do all these bad things. Therefore Brutus thinks of Caesar as a â€Å"serpent’s egg† (23). Thus Brutus thinks it’s necessary to â€Å"kill him in the shell† (25). At the end of Brutus’s soliloquy Brutus has made up his mind to join the conspiracy and kill Caesar. There could be many topics from this quote but the two most important topics are projection and ambition. In this soliloquy Brutus projects how he feels about Caesar. In doing so, Brutus manipulates what Caesar actions to get what he wants. Brutus wants what is best for the people and himself and Brutus thinks that Caesar will do harm to the people if he is crowned. Brutus also suggests that Caesar will change and be a different person. Everything that Brutus projects about Caesar, Brutus is construing to his own fashion. To be correct Brutus states that Caesar is ambitious. Brutus implies that Caesar is striving for the crown. Although Caesar doesn’t show his ambition literally he shows it other ways. Granted that Brutus may also be ambitious, due to the fact that he wants to kill Caesar and join the conspiracy. Brutus says that Caesar is ambitious for power but that might not be the case. It might be that Brutus is more ambitious than Caesar for power. Brutus does not show how ambitious he is for power until the end of his soliloquy. In this soliloquy it shows how ambition can be a negative connotation because desires something. Brutus esires Caesar to die and to make him self seem like honorable man to the people. Although in reality Brutus is just trying to get one of his desires. And Caesars desires were the crown. If Caesar desires the crown then Caesar is in the way of Brutus’s desire. So therefore Brutus needs to think that killing Caesar is the right thing to do for himself. To conclude Brutus must kill Caesar to get what he desires the most. Although Brutus was not only influenced by his desires but the desires of Cassius. By the end of this quote it shows how Cassius projected Brutus’s thoughts of Caesar. Therefore Brutus must kill Caesar.

Making Your Own Luck

I should never have thrown the chain letter away. The letter clearly warned me that if I did, I would have one day of bad luck. I did not believe it, so I threw the silly piece of paper in the garbage. I thought the friend who sent me the letter was just a superstitious fool. Letters do not bring you luck. You make your own! That night, however, as I fell asleep, I had the uncomfortable feeling that something was not quite right. When I woke up the next morning, I was surprised to find that I had overslept and would be late for work.As I rushed down the stairs to eat a quick breakfast, I tripped over my bag and spilled glassofwateronthepileofdocuments, whichI should have presentedat the meetingthat morning. Because themeetingwasabouttobegin, Irushedto getmycaranddriveto the officeveryquickly. However, bad luck happened to me again; my car was covered by snow from last night, so I needed to take time to make them melt. On my way to work, I decided to take a shortcut through an old par t of town. I drove to an old rough road which people rarely use daily. However, when I was very close to my office, I noticed there was an accident in the front of my car.Suddenly, I heard a noisy police car and people tried to change to another lane, and I was stuck in a traffic jam. After a while, I finally arrived at work. When I arrived at work, I found a note on my desk from my boss. She wanted to see me right away. I took a deep breath and walked into her office. As I stepped inside, I noticed a scowl on her face. Of course, she scolded me for arriving late and for not preparing well for the meeting. She had had to start the meeting without any help. Because of her rage, I was received a warning letter. At 5 PM, I left my office and went home feeling very tired and disappointed.Finally, after a long and difficult day, I returned home to find that my air conditioner was broken. I could not take it anymore! It had been the worst day of my life, and I did not want anything else t o happen. I rushed to the garbage can and dug around for the chain letter I had thrown away the day before. It was covered with coffee grounds and potato peels, but I could still read the words: â€Å"Send ten copies of this letter to your friends and you will have good luck for a year. † I sat down at the kitchen table and began to make copies for ten of my friends. They could take their chances, but I was not going to have any more bad luck!

Top 10 Acting Schools of the World

Ina highly competitive profession like acting , one must never underestimate the importance of professional and formal training. Irrespective of whether you excel or have a unique flair in this art , there are a variety of techniques , perspectives , methods etc that could help you when you embark into theatre and films. While training to become an an actor doesn’t necessarily require a degree from a college or professional learning, many of the best actors in world cinema have grown to be well rounded and highly benefitted from their professional courses.The whole concept of acting will usually comprise of 2/3rd natural talent and 1/3rd of training Also the physical location of the place is crucial because it determines the connections , affiliations and opportunities that you need to go through. There are schools that train you specifically for theatre, specifically for films or both. The timings may be rigorous and the practices may get intense. However if you are a passion ate actor , this will also be an exciting and memorable experience.The usual undergraduate degrees are Bachelor of Arts(BA) or Bachelor of Fine Arts( BFA). Graduate degrees may include Master of Arts(MA) , Master of Science ( MSC) Master of Fine Arts(MFA) Doctor of Arts, Doctor of Fine Arts, or Doctor of Philosophy ( PHD) degrees. Also various institutes provide shorter foundation and summer courses for students in school and otherwise. It is essential that you conduct an intensive research before choosing acting. Here are the top 10 acting schools across the world to pursue courses in acting : Juilliard School of dramaFounded in 1905, the Juilliard School of drama situated in the Ney York city is the most prestigious institution on the world for theatre that provides top notch acting training. The faculty consists of Grammy, Pulitzer Prize and Academy Award winners who combine physical and vocal training in such a way so that every student performs to the best of his / her capaciti es. The Bachelor of Fine Arts in Drama is a 4 year course and The Masters degree for the same is also for the same duration. The school receives more than 1000 applications every year out of which only 18 of them are admitted at the end of it.Even though the admission procedures are extremely stringent, one would be extremely fortunate to be a part of this institute. Some of the Julliard students who have managed to make it big are Christopher Reeves, Kevin Spacey and Robin Williams. The Juilliard School 60 Lincoln Centre Plaza New York NY 10023-6588. The oxford school of drama UK’S oxford school of drama is a 26 year old esteemed drama institution that offers diploma and foundation courses in acting. They provide a 3 year undergraduate course, a one year acting course and a six month foundation course.It also runs a six month programme in musical theatre. Catherine McCormack, Anna Galvin and Christina Cole are some of the famous alumni of this school. The Oxford School of Dr ama Sansomes Farm Studios Woodstock, Oxford OX20 1ER England, United Kingdom Yale School of drama The Yale School of Drama is a graduate professional conservatory for theatre training in every discipline of the art form: acting. School are known for their accomplishments on the legitimate stage, in film and television, and a variety of other creative fields.It offers a Master in Fine Arts as a postgraduate degree and a Certificate of Drama for those who do not hold an undergraduate degree. All students are admitted on the basis of their talent and career potential . Also each one of the applicants who meetsthe MFA/certificate requirements must audition in person inorder to become a part of this university. Yale Cabaret is one of its extracurricular initiative where students perform and create projects on their own. Distinguished former students of Yale include Paul Newman, Meryl Streep and Sigourney Weaver Yale School of Drama 149 York Street New Haven, CT 06511 Royal Scottish Acade myThe Royal Scottish Academy is a UK conservatoire that promises to provide you with a solid foundation in acting, voice and movement. They have acting showcases held in places such as Glasgow and London and this provide you with an opportunity to showcase your talent to leading casting directors and agents. They provide both bachelors and masters in this field to aspiring actors and actresses . They also have summer schools and short courses in drama for children, young people, adults and arts professionals. It has an impressive alumni profile such as Alan Cumming, James McAvoy, and David Tennant etc The CentreCity Centre Glasgow G2 3DB Scotland, United Kingdom. NYU Tisch School of arts The Tisch School of Arts that come under New York University is the most esteemed centre for performing arts in the USA. Situated in the theatre capital of America; it provides technical, professional and practical training to students in its discipline. The Department of Drama offers a four-year un dergraduate course and the graduate acting programme offers a Master in Fine Arts degree however it is extremely difficult to be inducted into the latter programme ( as they take in only 18 students ) .Its famous alumni consists of Whoopi Goldberg, Angelina Jolie, Alec Baldwin, Anne Hathaway and Adam Sandler NYU Tisch School of the Arts 721 Broadway New York, NY 10003. Guildhall school Founded in 1800 in England, the Guildhall school of Music and Drama provides a BA and an MA in acting. Owned and funded by the Corporation of London, the school is well known for its â€Å"passion, quality and rigour† of teaching. Students experience working in a professional context to professional standards with an exemplary pool of outstanding artists who work with us as directors, conductors, coaches and tutors.They are well known for the menities provided that includes a 308-seat theatre for students to develop their skills in drama and get a real feel and experience. Some of the Guildhall students who have made their mark in Hollywood are orlando bloom , Daniel Craig and Evan McGregor Guildhall School of Music and Drama Silk St. , Barbican London EC2Y 8DT, England, United Kingdom. American conservatory theatre This non profit theatre company provides a 3 year Master of Fine Arts program in acting for aspirational individuals and providing them with a course wherein they have a chance to rehears and performs various classic and contemporary acts.Its distinguished alumni include Denzel Washington , Nicholas cage and Teri Hatcher American Conservatory Theatre 415 Geary Street San Francisco, CA 94102. Birmingham school of acting Established in 1963 , This leading premier vocational school offers a BA ( Hons) in acting and in BA (Hons) Community and Applied Theatre and an MA in Acting. They also provide foundation courses and summer schools in the same field. This specialist institute Some of their students include Sophia bush , Kelly Preston and tom selleck . Birmingham School of Acting G2 – Millennium PointCurzon Street, Birmingham B4 7XG, England, United Kingdom. American Repertory institute Established by the American Repertory theatre , its institute is a non for profit theatre organization that aims to prepare the students in a unique way so that they establish their mark in this field. It offers a 2 year MFA programme , an MFA Dramaturgy and Theatre Studies programme and an MFA in voice and speech programme. It mostly concentrates on theatrical acting and is thus one of the most respected universities when it comes to stage actor training.It collaborates with professional expertise in Eastern Europe and Russia wherein it offers a three month training and working period in the Moscow Art theatre school American Repertory Institute 64 Brattle Street Cambridge, MA 02138 London Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts This independent drama school in West London provides students with a Three and Two Year course in Acting validated by the unive rsity of Kent. This school was started in the 19th century and has been creating fine actors for theatre and films.If you take into consideration aspects such as stage management, , acting and directing, technical work LAMDA could be considered the most historically productive drama school in the United Kingdom. Often the ratio of student to teacher is 1-3, allowing for some of the most intense instruction in the industry. Since the ratio of a teacher to student is 1:3 , It is evident that one on one interaction is given high importance here and every individual is attended to personally. Donald Sutherland , Colin baker , Anthony head are some of the famous people who were a part of this academy

Short term and long term environmental impact of the Royal Ascort Essay

Short term and long term environmental impact of the Royal Ascort - Essay Example This includes improving the gateway view from the Western Approach and opening up the views of open land and Ascot’s high street. Introduction of the new pond must have improved the areas ecological standing through habitat diversification. Redevelopment of the racecourse came with inherent benefits like infrastructural improvements especially in road networks which are meant to make the racecourse to be more accessible. The construction of two underpasses improved the traffic flow in the region. The most notable aspect of the 2006 redevelopment of the Ascot Racecourse in Berkshire is that the developer endeavored to keep the service roads, all the perimeter walls, and under and inside the new grandstand, clear of construction debris even as the construction work was ongoing. The racecourse developer worked with a team of road sweepers to ensure that during the entire project, existing roads, underpasses and new roads were swept clean. Prior to the opening of the racecourse, the team worked for 24 hours a day for a period of one week to ensure that the service roads and the highways are clean. This approach ensured that the high street areas and the racecourse were clear of rubbish and site debris which helped to control the environmental impact of the reconstruction and prevent disruption of residents in the two year period. As a key event in the British social calendar, the Ascot racing facility hosts up to 80,000 people during some of its key events. Such a gathering of people in an open space is bound to lead to noise pollution as the massive crowd shouts to cheer their favorite horse to victory. Traffic congestion has a negative environmental impact because of the high concentration of exhaust fumes that is likely to take place as a result of the congestion. Event days at Ascot Racecourse are often characterized by a high traffic

Political Functions of London and Cairo in 1600 and 1800 Research Paper

Political Functions of London and Cairo in 1600 and 1800 - Research Paper Example 1During the 17th century, geographical growth was notable in Cairo under the control of Ottomans who were striving to expand the city’s borders from Citadel. Modernization of the city was noted in the 19th century upon entry of the Britons into the region. On the other hand, England’s capital city London was established over 2000 years ago. 2Over this time, London has been acclaimed for its important cultural and financial capitals despite the devastating fires, plague, terrorist attacks, aerial bombardments, and civil wars. Expansion of the city was realized in the 17th century (Hindley 57). Records have shown that Cairo has played an important role in the history of the world. Its influence led its recognition as the â€Å"mother of the world† among the Arab world. During the period 1600 to 1800, Cairo’s political influence was manifested in the Islamic period under the Ottoman dynasty. The Ottoman dynasty had a vast political influence on Cairo city bot h in the urban and rural settings. 3Cultural settings of most communities were sustained such as Jewish and Christian among the Armenians and Balkans. Several centers emerged from the aristocratic families’ homes and coffeehouses. ... As a result, land holdings were re-evaluated whereby large portions were subdivided into smaller pieces that were distributed to tenant farmers. Cairo’s rulers reserved some large portions of lands for scientific purposes such as research. Therefore, Cairo served as pivotal administrative point for all regulations related to rural areas. Similarly, Cairo’s political influence was noted in its attempt to promote economic, educational, and security development (Shaw 168). On the other hand, political system’s influence in London in the 19th century was exemplified by the exponential growth because of establishment of Industrial Revolution and British Empire. Consequently, London city expanded and became to be regarded as the Greater London and into a giant metropolis (Hindley 127). At the end of this century, London had experienced tremendous advancements in technology. 5Administrative influence of London city saw the construction of London Bridge in 1800. Under th e leadership of King James I, the puritans were denied their grants to several reforms. Political influence led to abolition of Bishops in London. However due to conflicts, the puritans managed to defeat King James I upon formation of a strong bond within the parliamentary party (Masters et al 183). The first form of an organized government in London was formed in 1888 through the local government. The basis of administration was in regard to the counties. Moreover, the 1894 local act initiated localized administration in London since it aimed at dividing the city into urban and rural districts. Therefore, localized system of governance was the first advancement that political influence enacted (Hindley p.146). Due to these legislations, civil parishes were established in London city. An

Should the US Pull Their Troops out of Iraq Essay

Should the US Pull Their Troops out of Iraq - Essay Example However, during Gulf War I most of Saddam's weapons were destroyed and, with the country under a very strict embargo since then, it is virtually impossible he could have accumulated such an arsenal. Experts often argue that the US should not be trying to re-build a nation according to its own values. Additionally, it is believed that the presence of US troops in the area is fuelling the civil war that is taking place there. During the years following the Golf War I, the US bombed Iraq daily killing thousands of Iraqis and it is thus not surprising that the Americans are viewed as occupiers. Many Iraqis firmly believe that America has come to conquer and not to aid them. In terms of the economic cost, it was L. Lindsey, President Bush’s economic adviser, who several years ago suggested that the cost of the war would reach $200 billion. Since then, this has been proved to be a serious underestimation: the US Congress has already spent in the order of $357 billion for military op erations, reconstruction works, enhanced security at US bases and foreign aid programs in Iraq and the neighbouring Afghanistan. Therefore, if the reasons to start the war were: 1) liberation of Iraq of the regime of terror imposed by Saddam; 2) the establishment of a democracy; 3) self-defence and elimination of any weapons of mass destruction; and 4) protection of the Middle East; and these issues have now been resolved (liberation of Iraq has been achieved and Saddam has been tried and executed for the crimes he committed.; a democracy or at least a new government selected after democratic elections has started to exercise power; weapons of mass destruction were never found; there is no risk that a country in ruins will try to attack or invade the neighbouring countries-even when Saddam was alive this was quite a remote possibility) What is the presence of the US troops in the area achieving The answer is simple: nothing. From an international point of view, the presence of US troops is only aggravating the problem, increasing the possibilities of a bloody civil war. From a domestic point of view the deployment of troops in Iraq weakens the US military power; it detracts attention from other issues, such as international terrorism and the situation with North Korea and Iran; and the economic and human cost has risen significantly. While an early withdrawal of the troops has been announced by the British government, President Bush has confirmed an additional 21,500 additional troops will be sent in (Harding and Hardern). Is he seriously damaging the image of the US and its international credibility Many believe he is Should the US continue to support Israel There are many reasons for the existing strong relationship between Israel and the US. First, the US was the first country to recognize the state of Israel. Secondly, the US has maintained a very profitable arm trade with Israel for a number of years. Thirdly, Israel is a very useful non-NATO ally that has a very strategic location in the "explosive" Middle East.

The Progress of Women in Pakistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Progress of Women in Pakistan - Essay Example Muslim reformers like Sir Syed Ahmed tried their best to educate the Muslim women of the subcontinent (Virdee). There were a lot of hurdles for women, imposed by the society, and attainment of education in the sub-continent was not an easy task for women of that time. Many women participated in public rallies during the Pakistan movement and women leaders took active part in the movement along with the wives of the Muslim leaders. After independence, Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah became a symbol of inspiration for the Pakistani women. She was the sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, and was very politically as well as socially active. The provision of reserved seats for women existed all through the constitutional history of Pakistan. They had the right of suffrage from independence (D. S. Ahmed 32-42). But the quota was, at the beginning, almost negligible. The progress of women in Pakistan suffered a great set back in the 1980’s, during the dictatorship of Zia-ul -Haq. He formulated and imposed oppressive laws that ran counter to the true spirit of Islam as he introduced his own radical extremist approach to Islam. On the other hand, this dark period for the women of the country was followed by the election of the first woman to be the prime minister of an Islamic state; Benazir Bhutto which was a big achievement for a woman belonging to a predominantly patriarchal society. Another major hurdle in the way of the progress of Pakistani women has been, and still is to this day, the strong feudal system. Women are still seen as objects of use, or rather misuse in feudally administered areas. Statistics show that violence against women is the greatest in these areas. This first decade of the 21st century saw the condition of women in Pakistan improve significantly, with inductions of ladies being carried out in all three armed forces in operational capacity. The proportion of women in the parliament has seen sizeable increase compared to the yest eryears. Women have access to equal education and are being inducted in all fields on equal pays. But the patriarchal mindset has not subsided, and women face discrimination and gender based prejudice and harassment in the workplaces. EFFECTS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM The constitution of Pakistan is mostly based on the principles of Islam. In its true essence, Islam is a very moderate religion that gave women the right to suffrage and inheritance when the west was still in the dark ages. The much debated ‘Hadood Ordinance’ is a section of the law that deals largely with the punishments regarding limitations imposed on men and women individually and together. Some of the clauses are a distortion of the true limitations present in the Holy book of the Muslims; the Quran. The requirement of four witnesses to prove a woman’s claim that she had been sexually molested raised a storm of protest and criticism by the more sane minded people of the civil society (Khan 34). The l aw said that a woman could be held guilty of adultery herself if she fails to produce 4 male witnesses. This law was amended under the women protection bill of 2006 under the orders of Pervez Musharraf (Prisoners".). The women protection bill came under a lot of scrutiny from the radical religious factions who charged Musharraf with meddling with

Sir Alex Ferguson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sir Alex Ferguson - Essay Example The father’s glorious success both as a player and as a manager was mainly built on hard work and patience since his early years in the field. With the age of sixteen, Ferguson started his career as a player at Stranraer Club in 1956 and for three years. After that and over the following years he joined many other clubs including St Johnstone, Dunfermline Athletic, Rangers, and finally Falkirk, Ayr United in 1969 just to become a manager in 1974. East Stirling was really the starting point for Sir Alex Ferguson from which he moved from one place to another trying to reveal his managerial skills. A few years later, Ferguson got his life chance to be the manager of Aberdeen where he stayed for eight years and won many matches on top of which are three league championships and four Scottish Cups. For years Ferguson demonstrated his brilliant managerial strategies leading the team from one victory to another. Sir Alex Ferguson’s years of experience led him to a bigger experience; in 1986 he was appointed as the manager at Manchester United. The early years of being a manager for such a big team were really difficult. Four years later he was able to win over Crystal Palace in the FA Cup Final replay; this game was the start of unprecedented success for years to come. It is true that Ferguson’s managing history with Manchester United is considered the longest in sports history (Kelly 1997) which definitely added to his rich resume. A list of his achievements will definitely include that he was entitled the Manager of the Year more than anyone else in the British football history. In 2008, Sir Alex Ferguson became the third manager in England who wins the European Cup more than once. In 1999, Sir Ferguson was knighted for his services in the football field. Sir Alex Ferguson has won around 46 trophies as a manager, which vividly makes him the best manager in the history of

Drug Designing with the Aid of Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Drug Designing with the Aid of Computers - Essay Example Drug Designing is an exceptional Example of a field that has been benefited immensely by the use of computers. Molecular imaging has made great revolutions in the designing of drugs. DRUG DESIGNING: Drug Designing can be termed as a method whereby drugs can be invented by targeting a specific biological molecule and then designing new medications based on the relevant information. If narrated simply, the designing of a drug may involve the following generic processes: The cause of the disease to be identified The target to be attacked is identified The ‘Lead Compound’ is identified. Tests are carried out for the ‘Lead Compound’ Trial conducted in clinics Drug approved Present day drug design extensively relies on computer based molecular modeling techniques. Computer Drug Design has been known to have possessed exemplary technologies that conduct the drug development process speedily. Computer Based Drug Designing Methodologies are preferred over Traditional Drug Designing capabilities because: TRADITIONAL DRUG DESIGNING is: †¢ â€Å"Random trial and erroneous †¢ Time consuming, †¢ Comparatively much more expensive †¢ Very low in output (1 in 100,000)† (Huang, n.d.) In Comparison to the above mentioned properties of traditional drug design Computer Aided Drug Design Methodologies are thought to be: †¢ Structural in Nature †¢ Specifically Targeted †¢ Automatic †¢ Much Faster than the Traditional Methods †¢ Much lower in cost †¢ Having a comparatively much higher success rate than the traditional method. Molecular modeling is a popular method of drug design. It is a science by means of which molecular structures are represented numerically. Their behavior is then simulated by making use of the equations from quantum and classical physics. It is with the use of this molecular modeling via computers that computer aided drug designing finally gets executed. The first step in the approach towards drug design by this methodology is the identification of a molecule that may be critical to the pathogen of any specific disease. The molecular structure of the target molecule that has been identified is now resolute. Sufficient molecular information is essential in order to proceed further on with the designing of the drug. The structure of the target molecule, as discussed above, is used to construct a ligand. The recognition of the target protein is the next step followed by the ways by which it would be bound. The point of concern here is that the structure of proteins is very versatile in nature. Proteins change the structure of their molecule when they are undergoing different functions. Types of Molecular Modeling â€Å"Based on the type of information at hand, either ligand based or molecular based design methods are selected.† (Daharwal, 2006). The proposed combinations are very rapidly generated by computers that instantly display an entire list of the proposed molecules. Molecular Modelling screens through large databases of chemical ligands and molecules of compounds. In doing so, it identifies the molecules that may become potential drugs. The above process is termed as Molecular Docking. SIMULATIONS FOR DRUG DESIGNING Since protein structures are rapidly changing and cannot be predicted computers are essentially used to simulate the dynamically changing structure of molecules. Hihg performance computing is often used to assist. For example, at the

International Hospitality Management Research Paper

International Hospitality Management - Research Paper Example One major challenge is the difficulty in choosing the right technology and adopting it to achieve better results. Players in the hospitality industry must therefore be able to understand their competitive edge and be able to adopt technology that suits their system and at the same time strengthening their level of competence. The business operators and work force must therefore strive to adopt strategies of utilizing appropriate technology correctly through sufficient knowledge and ways of operation of the tools or equipment employed. Information technology has affected the hospitality industry thus creating flexibility in practices, segmentation of the market and the diagonal integration within the tourism sector (Moutinho et al, 1996). Information technology is thus applied in areas that require management and distribution of information on travel and tourism. The customization of services to suit the needs of the person in need of the tourism service has been made possible through the production of tailor-made services that allows producers to provide services that are flexible in order to satisfy the wants of different consumers of the tourism service. This can be achieved through for example the provision of packaged holidays that are flexible and can be easily purchased through prices deemed as competitive as compared to holidays produced in mass and the production of travel and tourism related services are not dominated by the usual industry players. The holiday must also be flexible and be purchased at prices that are competitive as compared to holidays produced by mass-produced holiday players . The mass production is influenced by the urge to reap benefits that accrue... However, the hospitality industry sector especially tourism faces challenges in the uptake and expansion of technology. One major challenge is the difficulty in choosing the right technology and adapting it to achieve better results. Players in the hospitality industry must, therefore, be able to understand their competitive edge and be able to adopt technology that suits their system and at the same time strengthening their level of competence. The business operators and workforce must, therefore, strive to adopt strategies of utilizing appropriate technology correctly through sufficient knowledge and ways of operation of the tools or equipment employed.Information technology has affected the hospitality industry thus creating flexibility in practices, segmentation of the market and the diagonal integration within the tourism sector. Information technology is thus applied in areas that require management and distribution of information on travel and tourism. The customization of ser vices to suit the needs of the person in need of the tourism service has been made possible through the production of tailor-made services that allows producers to provide services that are flexible in order to satisfy the wants of different consumers of the tourism service. The holiday must also be flexible and be purchased at prices that are competitive as compared to holidays produced by mass-produced holiday players. The mass production is influenced by the urge to reap benefits that accrue due to economies of scale.

Sundry Issues Essay Example for Free

Sundry Issues Essay The present paper wishes to present some of the issues that are involved in the recruitment and selection of expatriates for multinational companies. It is necessary that the management of companies be strongly aware of these issues to be able to deploy the appropriate, qualified personnel for critical offshore assignments. One of the key issues that ought to be considered in the recruitment and selection of expatriates is their capacity to adjust effectually to the role. This means that they should be willing and able to learn about the pecualirities of the culture to which they would be deployed, including the traits of power distance, masculinity, human orientation, achievement, and future orientation. Another issue is their willingness to undergo expatriation training. Their mother companies and satellite offices ought to provide the infrastructure for such training but the candidates for expatriation must have the unique task and people skills that will make them effective in their offshore assignments. Expatriate candidates must also adjust effectively to their new living conditions, and learn as much as they can about the new norms. They should be willing to undergo cultural training programs. The expatriate candidate should be highly trainable; through pre-departure training programs, they should be immediately be adept at the nuances of their new environment and culture. Finally, they should be able to blend well with a cross-cultural team, and depending on their role even spearhead the building of teams in a global context. Effectual Work Adjustment Based on a past research by Kabasakal and Bodur (1997), some cultures are characterised by a strong slant towards collectivism and both societal and organisational levels. It may perhaps be useful for the multinational company to initially analyse the culture to which they would assign managers in terms of power distance, masculinity, human orientation, achievement, and future orientation (Hofstede, 1983). It may also look into the business culture’s commitment and sense of duty to the organisation, respect for managerial hierarchy, type of leadership, and other ethical norms. Armed with such knowledge, expatriates can definitely influence the expectations of its expatriates and help in their adjustment to the new work environment (Hofstede, 1983). In addition, business culture communication styles should also be assessed by the company and the manner through which corporate values and organisational culture are transmitted. For instance, is it through socialisation? In some cultures, exchange of favors, information sharing and friendships are critical means of winning and developing trust. Logically, managers who are sent to the country ought to have such characteristics as patience and being open to socialisation with locals. Apparently, expatriates will experience a whole host of changes in being sent to a global post. On a personal level, they are required to undergo a transition from an environment to which they were accustomed to one which is very unfamiliar. Naturally, this required modifications in their living habits, and entailed finding a healthy, novel balance between their work and personal preoccupations. For a majority of individuals, this expends too much time and effort. Thus, the human resources department of the multinational company ought to take action to prepare them so that they may cope with these difficulties in adjustment. The research of Mendenhall and Oddou (1985) indicate that adjustment to the cross-cultural facets of a global assignment requires three distinct personal abilities, as follows: 1) the capacity to sustain a valued sense of self; 2) the ability to associate to host nationals; 3) the ability to intellectually appreciate the belief systems that underpin behaviours in the host country. If expatriates will be oriented with these traits, it would have been easier for them to adjust because their expectations were more effectively managed (Black, 1990b; Mendenhall Oddou, 1985). If they possessed such traits, it would have been more probable for them to adjust easily in their offshore assignment. In a related vein, the multinational company is obliged to help select those individuals with these ideal traits for expatriation assignments. However, while the organisation may try its best to send ideal candidates, they are frequently unavailable – thus, tradeoffs and compromises may be needed. Expatriates ought to try their best to find out what makes their foreign counterparts ‘tick’. They could start with learning the basics of the culture, norms, beliefs, and customs. They should also take every chance to interface with their colleagues to facilitate this socio-cultural adjustment process. Preparation for Expatriation Moreover, multinational companies must ensure that they are ready to prepare their expatriates for offshore assignments. With the integration of global markets and the burgeoning growth of multinational business activity, multinational companies have to learn how to effectively manage, coordinate, control and synergise its operations with their offshore counterparts. This preparation process, however, is not such an easy task. The difficulty lies in the fact that this requires them to have unique skills different from those that proved to be effective when they were assigned as managers in the local office from which they were deployed. Expatriates should be equipped with the knowledge of the satellite company’s organisational culture and philosophy, home country business practices, norms and customs. Being assigned to a foreign environment with peculiar political, cultural, and economic working conditions, expatriates encounter both job-related and personal difficulties (Birdseye Hill, 1995). If these issues expressed by the team are not given adequate attention, this results in extreme stress in both the expatriate’s personal life and life, and ultimately to expatriate turnover. Facets of Cross Cultural Adjustment for Expatriates Predeparture Expatriation Training Programs Multinational companies ought to ensure that training programs are given to candidates for expatriation to facilitate their adjustment to amenities, overall living conditions, and social norms. For example, cultural diversity training programs and learning sessions concentrating on values, habits, beliefs, religion and language of the locals must be part of the preparation of expatriates. These will help them undergo the indoctrination period more easily and quickly. In this context, expatriates should also be keenly aware of the particular facets of life in the local country. If expatriates that their families are made aware of these information and their expectations well managed, then unwelcome surprises may be avoided (Cavusgil et al. , 1992; Marlin et al. , 1995; Tung, 1982).

Stages of Criminal Trial Essay Example for Free

Stages of Criminal Trial Essay There are eight stages in a Criminal Trial, the trial initiation, jury selection, openings statements, presentation of evidence, closing arguments, judge’s charge to the jury, jury deliberations and the verdict. In this essay I will focus on the jury selection stage. A criminal petit jury is very important in a trial. The jury is responsible for deciding whether a defendant committed the crime as charged. In a criminal trial there are usually 12 members in a jury. The jury selection is conducted by both the prosecution and the defense attorneys. An examination process called voir dire is performed on each potential juror, to ensure any unbiased or preconceived notions of guilt or innocence doesn’t exist. Any person desiring or summoned by a judge to sit on the panel must meet certain qualifications. An individual must be 18 years of age, be a citizen, live in the judicial area for one year, and speak English, no mental or physical conditions or any felony charges. Certain people are excused from juror duty; armed forces, professional fire, police and public officers. The Jury Act will excuse a person from jury duty on the grounds of undue hardship or an extreme inconvenience. In Florida the case of Casey Anthony vs. The State of Florida, the jury selection was difficult. The problem with this case is that the media made a big mess of the information released. Many people saw, read or heard about the case, potentially causing them to be unbiased or perceiving a notion to whether Casey was guilty or innocent. The charges and details of the evidence were released to the public. Due to the nature of this case it was titled as a high profile case. Casey Anthony’s name was all over the country; I remember during the time of the trial, the only thing on television was something about her case. There were pictures of her daughter, family and personal life. A lot of suspected evidence was shared with the public as well as information about where evidence was found. A jury selection could normally take about one day. Jurors could be removed from the selection process for any reason. The judge (Belvin Perry) dismissed more than two dozen potential jurors. The potential jurors discussed the case while in a private room with other jurors. One male juror was held in contempt of court and fined $450.00 for attempting to talk about the case with a television producer. After the long process of selecting a juror panel, the trial lasted about eight weeks and the jury was sequestered. Sequestered is when the jury is isolated from the public  during the trial and deliberation. A decision was made and Casey Anthony was found not guilty. .

Wireless Communication Systems

Wireless Communication Systems Introduction Wireless communication is part of todays world and is greatly in demand as such resources are preferred in todays world and so the sales are increasing day by day with equipment which involves wireless communication. The G which means generation, in the technology today amongst phones covers the technology improvement in the last few decades. The first mobile phone technology started with 1G which involved analogue technology. In the early 1990s the next generation of communication developed named 2G which was in a digital technology which also had text messaging with the idea of SIM cards coming into practice. SIM is short for (Subscriber Identity Module). Other technologies that evolved were CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). The next generation which followed made the data carrying better, making it potential to carry information such as websites as how they were originally. In 3G technology the iPhone has become the latest. As of today the agreement of 4G technology has not yet been established. It has been planned to have fast transfer speeds and should have good security. Something else that the 4G technology should meet is that it should reduce blips in transfer of the device when moving between different networks. The 4G mobile network should also be able to use the networks like the ones on the internet with IP addresses. 4G mobile is not yet implemented as an approved set of standards, so its characteristics are at present simply goals rather than requirements. As well as considerably desired increasing data transfer speeds, 4G mobile as well as should use improved security measures, When a device moves one place to another place between this area covered by different network reduce the blips in transmission is the another goal .4G mobile networks should also use a network based on the IP address system used for the internet. Two major systems using 4G technologies are WiMax and Long Term Evolution. WiMax began testing its 4G technology in Baltimore in 2008. The opposite system LTE was expected to be ready to be tested in 2010 and is expected to be ready for use in 2013. All this information above is described in detail in this research. All the topics covered above are broadened below. 3G 3G technology comes with better features than previous mobile network technologies. It has transmission which is at high speed, better multimedia access as well as connection globally.3G used with mobile phones a connects the phone with the internet and other IP connections which allow voice as well as video calls to be accessed. Not only this but also helps to download and surf the internet. From lower mobile technologies, 3G technology has higher data speed, better audio and video access, video calling support, Web use at quicker speeds and TV through the Internet. In 3G networks the transfer speed is between 128 and 144 kbps for devices that are fast and 384 kbps for slower ones. Wireless fixed LANs have a sped beyond 2Mbps. W-CDMA,TD-SCDMA, WLAN and cellular radio, among others are some of the technologies that 3G includes.[1] WCDMA The third-generation Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) will be able to deliver high data rates of up to 384 kb/s at widearea applications or even 2 Mb/s indoors . This is achieved by using wide-bandwidth signals with Code-Division for Multiple Access (W-CDMA). The user data are multiplied by a fast pseudorandom spreading sequence before phase modulating the radio-frequency (RF) carrier. The resulting signals which are then broadcast have a bandwidth of approximately 4.5 MHz. Parameter W-CDMA Uplink 1920-1980 MHz Downlink 2110-2170 MHz Access DS-CDMA Duplex procedure FDD Modulation QPSK Pulse shaping Root-raised cos, Chip rate ÃŽ ± = 0:22 User data rate 384 kb/s; 2 Mb/s Bandwidth/channel 5MHz Max. output power 21 dBm (Class IV) TD-SCDMA It was proposed by the China Wireless Telecommunication Standards group to the ITU in 1999.60MHz has been reserved for CDMA2000 and UMTS, but TD-SCDMA has reserved 155MHz.In common with UMTS-TDD,TD-SCDMA does not require separate uplink and downlink and offer speeds from as low as 1.2kbps up to 2 Mbps. Uplink and downlink traffic can be transferred in the same frame but in different time slots, and there can be up to 16 codes allocated per slot, more time slot can be devoted to downlink transfer than in the uplink. This allocation of time slots is dynamic and if a symmetric allocation is required, which is usually the case for a telephone call, then this will also be allocated the required resources. The minimum frequency band required for this system is 1.6 MHz and the chip rate is 1.28Mcps.it does not have soft handover mechanism but has a system similar to GSM where the mobile device are tightly synchronized to the network, and it is from here that the term ‘syschronous is d erived. it is designed to work with a GSM core network is similar way to WCDMA and can also use the UTRAN signalling stack when it is deployed as a complementary technology. The frame is 5 ms rather than 10ms in WCDMA and split into seven slot.[2]. 4G The future system technology of 4G should bring something that is very enchancing when compared to the previous technologies. 4G yet does not have a meaning as it has not yet been established. However the current targets for it are as follows: system interoperability:-flexible interoperability of the various kind of existing wireless network, such as satellite, cellular wireless, WLAN, PAN and system for wireless access to the fixed network. It ability to roam between multiple wireless and mobile standards. Due to the interoperability of different mobile and wireless network through the same terminal we can identify the three possible configuration. There are Multimode terminals:-this is obviously achieved by incorporating multiple interfaces to the terminal, one for the access methods of every different kind of wireless network. The ability to use many access methods will enable users to use a single device to access the 4G network irrespective of the particular access method used. Overlay network:- In this architecture user will access the 4G network through the Access Points of an overall network. The AP will perform protocol translation and Qos negotiation for the connections. Since APs can monitor the resource used by a user, this architecture supports single billing and subscription. Common access protocol:-this choice calls for use one or two standard access protocol by the wireless networks. A possible option is for the wireless networks to use either ATM cells with additional headers or WATM cells. Terminal bandwidth and battery life:- Future generation network will be covering a large range of banwidths from about a couple of kbps to about 100 Mbps or above. The battery life is expected to be about a week. This will happen with a reduction of the size of the battery. Packet-switched fixed network.:- This 4G technology will use wireless IP based fixed networks which will be able to connect the mobiles with the wireless networks effectively. Varying quality of bandwidth for wireless access:- Having a range of networks together will cause it to overlap with other networks. Due to where they are, the user will be abl to use different qualities of wireless by the change of bandwidth. Distribution layer: This layer of the network will be able to help with digital video as well as broadcasting and due to a good coverage will cover all areas. Cellular layer: This layer of the wireless network will give a load of capacity providing many users as well as provide good coverage in highly populated areas. It will allow data sizes of over 2 Mbps. The cell size will also be small compared to the distribution layer, and will support good mobility. Hot-spot layer: This layer will help with good service over a short distance. It will include WLAN systems like IEEE 802.11 and HIPERLAN. This layer will not provide great coverage in particular as it is a short distance however roaming should be available. Personal network layer: This layer will include wireless connection however in short ranges say through the use of Bluetooth. Mobility will be less but roaming should be available. Fixed layers: This layer uses an access system which is fixed. Advanced base stations: In the future for networks, the new smart antennas will make the capacity bigger as well as base stations having self-configuration not needing the need for employment. This would reduce costs. They will include a good range of terminals. High data rates: The 3G system will be changed using what it has already to form the new 4G generation. The 4G generation will offer higher speed than the 3G generation. The introduction of 4G needs specific targets which are named above. To get to these targets, 4G needs the basis on how to achieve this which is explained in detail below.[1]. How 4G works: In the networks which have the 4G wireless technology, each one will be given an IP address which will have a home IP address and an address which represents its real location. When the computer in the Internet wants to communicate with another device perhaps a mobile phone in the wireless network. The computer will be able to send packets to the IP address of the 4G technology getting to know the home address too. To the phones address, the directory will send the packet through a tunnel, or a mobile IP, whilst on the meantime the directory server would also let the computer know that the phones address is correct. After this the other packets can be sent. The use of4G-IP address (IPv6) is that it will be able to carry more info than in the past with the IP address (IPv4). In this IP address, software can use them to tell the differences between services and to communicate with network areas of different sorts. This could be with the computer and the phones network. An example includes Moreover which uses 4G technology not only has this transmission way but also uses OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA, UWB *7 and Network-LMDS.[4] Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing abbreviated as OFDM, passes on figures on a great quantity through a radio wave. Changing the radio signal into many small signals then transferred at the same time through different frequencies to the receiver is the method in which this is carried out. OFDM is a digital technology through modulation which increase strength of these signal; this is good for high digital data transition. This is a great digital technology method in which through the process of modulation increases the strength of the signal and is good for a transition of high quality digital data.[2] In this time, users might have a good question about how theses waves targeted the correct destination. A OFDM makes the radio wave target the right place though a couple of devices which are wireless, which make a connection tunnel when they start communication. After connecting the target, the radio wave splits into smaller signals which have the correct direction towards the target. MS-CDMA stands for Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access, which is actually OFDM with a CDMA overlay. The users are multiplexed with orthogonal codes to differentiate users in MS-CDMA and single-carrier CDMA systems. It allows flexible system design between cellular system and signal cell system. However, in MC-CDMA, each user can be allocated several codes, where the data is spread in time or frequency. LAS-CDMA the shortened form for Large Area Synchronized Code Division Multiple Access, is made through by LinkAir Communication which is basically wireless technology through the developed 4G technology. LAS-CDMA makes voice capacity better, with high speed and the latest original solution called Code-Division Duplex (CDD) which combines the LAS-CDMA technology with the greater data transmission type of Time-Division Duplex (TDD). This combination makes Code-Division Duplex to be very spectrally efficient as well as having high speed available today as a great system. LAS-CDMA is seen as being the great 4G technologys ‘World Cell. If two wireless devices for instance are a quite big distance apart then using this protocol which has IPv6 to create the connection. In the 4G world, UWB radio which solves the multi-path weakening matters through its clever use of electrical impulses which has all frequencies at one time. Due to its low-power condition though, this UWB cannot be used outside of being indoors or underground. UWB should be used however with OFDM which cal transfer digital data on a large scale. This is positive though as the UWB would be running insides equally as the OFDM runs outside which means that the signal can stay strong. UWB also needs to be used in small distances inside the buildings through 4G technology. The broadband technology which is wireless used to carry video, data Internet as well as voice in 25 GHz is the Network-LMDS Local Multipoint distribution system. This method makes sure all these things are carried together at once, and this can be the result in the fading issue locally. [4] Differences between 3G and 4G: The main factors in which 3G and 4G technologies vary is due to their services, their ways of transmission, access to the web, the rates of transfer, security as well as quality. 3G technology can only carry upto the speed of about and up to 2 Mbps however 4G technology can go much higher to a better speed. 4G technologies can provide global connection whereas for 3G markets it is difficult to roam globally. Technology which uses 4G can provide global roaming at a lower price. 3g is based on the notion through circuits and packets through things like WCDMA, CDMA and TD-SDMA. However 4G uses the use of packets. As mentioned above about the differentiation between the 3G and 4G, this has been broadened in the tab le below. Feature 3G wireless technology 4G Wireless technology Speed Up to 2Mbps Full-mobility: up to 100Mbps Low-mobility:up to 1Gbps Service 1. Difficult of global roaming 2. Expensive 3. good for voice transmission 1. roaming smoothly 2. inexpensive 3. good for any type of transmission Core Network 1. Wide-area concept 2. Circuit and packet switching 1. broadband IP-based 2. Entirely packet switching Technologies 1. WCDMA 2. CDMA 3. TD-SDMA All access convergence Main: 1. OFDM 2. MC-CDMA 3. LAS-CDMA 4. UWB 5. Network-LMPS Wimax Wimax which stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access was made to give a ordinary structure for wireless connectivity in permanent, moveable, and mobile environments. WiMAX is a wireless technology intended to give high throughput over a distance. It gives the quick broadband of link. It also provides wireless access which reduces costs which involves the fibre and making buildings. It has a range that goes beyond WiFi. A WiMAX uses two hardware components — a WiMAX tower as well as WiMAX receiver. This tower covers a 30 mile radius. The tower joins to the Internet using a wide connection through a wireline, or it offers a wireless link to other WiMAX towers with Line Of Site (LOS for short) microwave links. The receiver could be anything. NLOS (non-line of sight in full) connections join devices to the tower using a frequency range of 2-11 GHz as low wavelength signals are strong. LOS connections however do not cover as large area but covers and area of 4-6 miles. QoS is the aspect in a technology to deliver high bandwidth services. Examples of such include VoIP and IP video services as well as other services as such. To provide such QoS service, the WiMax need to make sure they have a low latency.[4] WiMAX security is defined in the Privacy Sub-layer in the MAC Layer, as specified by WiMAX standards. Fixed WiMAX (802.16-2004) typically uses X.509 certificates for authentication and 56-bit Digital Encryption System (DES), while Mobile WiMAX (802.16e-2005) uses EAP for authentication and Advanced Encryption System (AES) for encryption. Both employ Privacy Key Management (PKM) for authentication between base station and subscriber station.[5][9]. LTE Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G wireless broadband technology made by the Third Generation Partnership Project. LTE has many benefits for not only the consumer but also the workers too: Performance and capacity one request that the LTE is to provide downlink rates of a minimum of 100Mbit/s and needs the technology to allow for speeds that are over 200Mbit/s. Simplicity From below 5MHz up to 20MHz, LTE supports carrier bandwidths. LTE also supports both FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD (Time Division Duplex). Ten paired and four unpaired spectrum bands have so far been identified by 3GPP for LTE. it is easiest to deploy 10MHz or 20MHz carriers, and eventually deploy LTE in all bands. plug-and-play, self-configuration and self-optimization will simplify and reduce the cost of network roll-out and management. LTE will be deployed in parallel with simplified, IP-based core and transport networks that are easier to build, maintain and introduce services on. Wide range of terminals- LTE supports hand-over and roaming to existing mobile networks, all devices can have ubiquitous mobile broadband coverage from day one[6].[9] COMPARSION BETWEEN WIMAX AND LTE Aspect Wimax LTE Access technology Downlink(DL) Uplink(UL) OFDMA OFDMA OFDMA SC-FDMA Frequency band 2.3-2.4GHz,2.496-2.69GHz ~2GHz Bit-rate: DL UL 75Mbps(MIMO 2TX 2RX) 25Mbps 100Mbps(MIMO 2TX 2RX) 50Mbps Channnel bandwidth 5,8.75,10MHz 1.25-20MHz Cell radius 2-7km 5km Cell capacity 100-200 users >200 users in 5MHz >400 users for large BW Spectral efficiency 3.75[bits/sec/Hz] 5[bits/sec/hz] Mobility: Speed Handovers Up to 120km/h Optimized hard handovers supported Up to 250km/h Inter-cell soft handovers supported Legacy IEEE802.16a through 16d GSM/GPRS/EGPRS/UMTS/HSPA MIMO DL UL No. of code words 2Tx X 2Rx 1Tx X NRx(Collaborative SM) 1 2Tx X 2RX 2Tx X 2Rx 2 Standardization coverage IEEE 802.16e-2005 PHY and MAC CN standardization in Wimax RAN(PHY+MAC)+CN Roaming framework Wimax forum Auto through existing GSM/UMTS [7].Verizon has devoted to using Long Term Evolution starting by soon, ensuring to deliver ten times the data throughput of 3G technologies in the current time. Others, including NTT DoCoMo in Japan, France Telecom, Vodafone in the UK, ATT, and T-Mobile have said also they will use LTE rather than WiMAX. Meanwhile, Sprint, Clearwire, and Comcast in the U.S., UQ Communications in Japan, and Yota in Russia are all competitively using 4G networks suitable for mobile networks using todays edition of WiMAX, 802.16e (2 to 10 Mbps), in inner-city markets where they will without doubt compete with 3G (and later, LTE) sources. The WiMAX Forum declares that 504 operators in 145 countries have organized WiMAX, but many use older 802.16d technology that however cannot provide mobile services, and many are small operators in developing countries or pastoral areas.[8] Conclusion:- In every generation, when there is a default, the next following generation gets rid of this and a new idea or notion is found as a result. However at some points this may be difficult to happen due to several reasons. The world is looking forward for the most intellectual technology that would bond the full earth. New ideas are being introduced by researchers throughout the world, but new ideas introduce new challenges. There are several issues yet to be solved like integrating the mobile world to the IP based core network, resourceful billing system, and smooth hand off mechanisms. Reference: Future mobile networks 3G and beyond Edited by Alan Clapton published by : the Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, United kingdom Convergence Technologies for 3G Networks IP,UMTS,EGPRS and ATM Jeffrey banister, Paul Mather and Sebastian Coope at Orbitage Consultants. http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:suYVNKca06YJ:www.habits.in/hab_files_007_822/files/3G%2520TO%25204G%25205G.pdf+limitations+of+4Ghl=engl=ukpid=blsrcid=ADGEESgduPdmeqSL9dwRiGnFJ0JOIktrJxjYXI8_5x7PWdeg7eQwcmvkJGDQE-N6lFOL62qsTZW4So4iJ9oIZIeb3tSr6X8xD35e3gjxiI_g6tL4XcJMY3MYFWZyjtnclDWgFCAA8S6Rsig=AHIEtbSPBQflncP4szu1MI5tLZL4tX8Y9g Wimax taking wireless to the max Deepak Pareek published in 2006 by Auerbach publications http://4g-wirelessevolution.tmcnet.com/topics/4g-wirelessevolution/articles/what-is-wimax.htm 15/03/2010 19.00 http://4g-wirelessevolution.tmcnet.com/topics/4g-wirelessevolution/articles/lte-ericsson.htm 15/03/2010 20.00 http://www.comsysmobile.com/pdf/LTEvsWiMax.pdf 15/03/2010 19.00 http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/news/article.php/3845111 15/03/2010 19.00 http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/rts/docs/CODES-EMSOFT-CASES-2006/codes/p266.pdf 15/03/2010

Attracting More Fans to College Games :: Proposal Essays

Attracting More Fans to College Games    Where are the fans? That is the most commonly asked question at a University football game. During the past few years at University football games, the university has been lacking with their football fans. How come nobody comes to the games? At most universities, football season is the largest season of the year. People spend hundreds of dollars on season tickets and go out of their way to attend the games. What can the university do to attract more fans to their games?    It all begins with SOS and SOS+. Those are the freshman orientations. Every freshman has been through it and knows what I am talking about. Many of the SOS and SOS+ leaders told the freshman during orientation that nobody goes to the football games instead, they go to the basketball games. As a freshman you want to do everything that you can to fit into the crowd. Of course if an older student tells you that it is not "cool" to go to a football game, then most likely you are not going to go. Freshman Lucy O'Kelley says, "I was scared to go to the football games after my SOS+ leader told me that nobody went to them. I thought I would be they only one sitting in the stands, so I did not attend the games this past season." If most of the freshman felt that way then that was about 900 possible fans that the SOS and SOS+ leaders scared away. They are supposed to be leaders of the university, but yet they are scaring the fans away.    The game day needs to be changed. If the games were held on Thursday nights instead of Saturday mornings that would improve the turn out of fans. Most people want to watch their favorite football teams such as Alabama and UT play Saturday instead of going to our university football game. Former university football player John Autry says, "There were some games when the university players paid more attention to what was going on in the Florida game." A lot of university students go home on the weekends, so they are not even here on Saturdays. Friday nights are out of the question because that is when everyone wants to watch his or her brother or sister play high school football. If the game started at 7:00 p.

Euthanasia Essay: The AMA and Assisted Suicide -- Euthanasia Physician

The AMA and Euthanasia/Assisted Suicide      Ã‚   The American Medical Association (AMA) has long been known for its strong views. As the issue of euthanasia, particularly doctor-assisted suicide, has come to the forefront, the AMA has taken a strong position on this controversial subject also. This time the AMA has taken a firm stand for preserving, not terminating, the life of the elderly/handicapped/depressed/mentally ill, etc. patient. This essay will explain in detail the stand of this influential group of doctors.    The AMA filed an amicus brief in the 9th Circuit case regarding doctor-assisted suicide. In this brief, the AMA stated, "There is, in short, compelling evidence of the need to ensure that all patients have access to quality palliative care, but not of any need for physician-assisted suicide ..." The AMA is keenly aware that doctors perform a crucial act of healing and saving life. Accepting a dual role of taking life, while at the same time protecting life, would undermine their credibility and the sacred trust that exists between a patient and doctor. Thus the AMA has recently announced the implementation of the Institute for Ethics. The goal of this entity within the AMA will be to educate 10% of its member doctors (estimated to be 20,000) on hospice and palliative care. Further, they believe that providing responsible alternative treatment to ending life will all but eliminate the quest for euthanasia. This aggressive new project will be headed by Linda Emanuel, Professor of Bioethics at Harvard. The two-year pilot program is funded by a 2-million-dollar grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Ironically, this foundation is also well known for aggressive pro-abortion funding. However,... ...ertaking. They are convinced that when patients are offered a reasonable alternative, they will reject euthanasia. "The other side is preying on fear and anxiety," said Dr Gomez. "When you attack that fear directly, you take the steam out of the other side's arguments."    The program is expected to be up and running in six to eight months. It will take that amount of time to train the needed speakers and get things organized. It is too early to tell if the Institute will be involved in sponsoring and promoting anti-euthanasia legislation on the state or national level. However, the Institute for Ethics plans to set the tone for the AMA whenever it speaks on this issue -- a powerful and influential voice in America's medical communities.    WORKDS CITED: AMA Institute For Ethics http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/2559.html   

Essay --

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE After one year's work experience as an electrical engineer at ________, a private LPG filling company with various filling plants located in Pakistan. After the completion of my undergraduate degree in 2012, I have been making constant efforts to develop better understanding in the field of Electrical Engineering. So, I joined_____________ and worked there as a Trainee Electrical Engineer for over 1 year. My training responsibilities areas were circuit breakers supervision, switch yard equipment and bus-bars calculation observation, making reports of ratings, and readings of generators and transformers. I want to return to academic study and undertake postgraduate course Master of Engineering Electrical (Power) at University of South Australia. I am greatly inspired to accomplish my aspiration to become a professional in the field of Power and Energy Systems. Beside aspiration the other reason I am choosing electrical power is of job perspective that the jobs related to electrical po wer are almost in every industry from smaller to a multinational. In under-graduation program I learned THEORY together with interesting practical course work to strengthen the fundamentals of Electrical Engineering. After graduating from the department of electrical engineering at the Institute of COMSATS institute of information technology in computer engineering. I felt that a practical experience is needed before going on to a postgraduate course. I learned the latest technologies in microprocessor systems, personal responsibility and teamwork. My undergraduate program has given me strong grasp in engineering basic subjects. I developed a deep interest in the practical course work of electric machines and control system as i... ...Os, worked with them as a volunteer (Social Mobilizer). I am greatly interested in the field of Power. I am convinced that your comprehensive curriculum is sufficient to help me develop into well-trained specialist in power systems. After completing my MS, I aim to become a highly acclaimed professional. On returning to Pakistan after pursuing my M.S. in electrical engineering, the knowledge that I have received in this field would be of great benefit to the electrical energy industry in Pakistan and the place where I will work. As such I would be well equipped to make a certain amount of impact on society and economy. It is heartfelt desire that I may continue my path of success with your international students. I am sure my technical skills would be greatly appreciated and would helpful to be considered for the Master of Science program in your reputed University.

Just Kids by Patti Smith

Patti Smith calls the book, Just Kids, a memoir rather than an autobiography. Her book is almost poetic in nature and written in a beautiful and engaging way. From the first pages, the reader is drawn to her words and imagery. In describing one of her first memories, that of a swan on a pond, she says, â€Å"the river emptied into a wide lagoon and I saw upon its surface a singular miracle. A long curving neck rose from a dress of white plumage.†There are, of course many facts about her life as a young, starving artist but generally speaking she is giving the reader many impressions about her life rather than a chronology of the events in her life. The author, Dave Thompson, has written a more factual biography of Patti Smith in the book, Dancing Barefoot: The Patti Smith Story. In analyzing an excerpt from this biography, the reader is left with a somewhat different picture of Patti Smith. In it he describes fairly vividly and in almost a clinical way a less romanticized fami ly life.Here the reader finds out that her father was almost non-existent when she was growing up because he was out working to support his family. Her mother, one learns, is a serious Jehovah Witness. This is a very important point because it gives an important insight into how religion may have shaped her poetry and art in the future. It is interesting that in Just Kids, Patti Smith is very clear in mentioning how her partner, Robert Mapplethorpe is very influenced and almost traumatized by his devout Roman Catholic family.This religious aspect of her own life is not as clearly defined in her memoir. Dave Thompson also mentions how many of the facts about Patti Smith’s early jobs are distorted in her memoir and lets the reader conclude that perhaps the facts are not quite the facts in her own book. Dan Lieberfeld, on the other hand, in his essay, â€Å"Artistic Apprenticeship and Collaboration- Looking Back with Patti Smith,† emphasizes the profound impact that Rober t Mapplethorpe had on Patti Smith.In it, he describes how deep their connection was. In those early years in New York City, they were crucial to each other’s survival. They literally kept each other from starving by saving every penny they had from their poorly-paying jobs. His essay describes them as â€Å"apprentices† to each other as they each sought to become artists. As they supported each other, they also helped each other achieve their dreams of becoming true artists.The essay reflects many of the points and themes that Patti Smith describes in her memoir with great feeling and seems true to her descriptions of events that happened in her life. Patti Smith’s memoir gives an impression of her life with Robert Mapplethorpe and how they both emerged as artists and gives a great picture of the bohemian life they led in the 1970’s. Dan Lieberman’s essay confirms the fundamental principles underlying Patti Smith’s memoir – that Patti Smith and Robert Mapplethorpe were great friends who influenced each other.Dave Thompson’s book puts into question some of the details of Ms. Smith’s life. Does that make her contributions to the world of art and music any less important? Does it make the vivid descriptions of the chaotic art world any less real? The answer is a clear â€Å"no. † The reader may not agree with her lifestyle and even her art. The beauty of her words is real and really describes who she is. Whether she has embellished the facts or omitted some of them, it doesn’t really seem to matter.

Investigate the theme of power, as presented in The Handmaid’s Tale

Power. What do we think of when we talk about power? Perhaps we think of the power of a country armed to the teeth with weapons of mass destruction. Perhaps we think of a millionaire, able to buy his way through anything thanks to the power of money. We may even think that we have some form of power ourselves, such as the power of having lent someone money or of having done someone a favour. Nevertheless, while we can easily think of examples of powerful people, we may have great difficulty thinking of a case where someone has absolutely no power. Could it be, however, that Offred is one of these isolated cases? To understand Offred thoughts properly, it is first necessary to understand the situation she is in. As a Handmaid in the Republic of Gilead, her sole function is to bear her Commander children. She is regarded by the state as a thing, not a person – hence her name Of-Fred (Fred is the name of her Commander). The Commander and his Wife are both superior to Offred in Gilead's hierarchy. Below her come all the other members of society. Of course, this does not automatically mean that she has power over all the lower classes. They are responsible to the Commander and his Wife only. Offred herself, of course, is responsible to the Commander, although the Wife also has the power to get rid of her: â€Å"If I'm caught it's up to Serena's tender mercies I'll be delivered. [†¦] I could become an Unwoman. But to refuse to see him could be worse. There's no doubt about who holds the real power.† This passage, of course, refers to Offred breaking the rules, so in that sense the Wife would have less power over her if she stuck to them. Offred addresses the issue of power in another extract, too: â€Å"But remember too that forgiveness is a power. To beg for it is a power, and to withhold or bestow it is a power, perhaps the greatest. Maybe none of this is about control. Maybe it isn't really about who can own whom, who can do what to whom and get away with it, even as far as death. [†¦] Maybe it's about who can do what to whom and be forgiven for it.† This is no doubt one of the most important parts of the book. Why would begging for and granting forgiveness be a power? Begging for forgiveness is, I think, not really much of a power. On the contrary, I feel that begging for anything is wanting, and therefore a weakness. Offred herself says: â€Å"To want is to have a weakness.† To forgive someone or not, on the other hand, is a power, and a great one at that. This can be simply explained by expanding on the idea that to want is to have a weakness. Weaknesses can be exploited, and if you do this, you have power over the person with the weakness. So if someone is begging for forgiveness, it automatically puts you in a powerful position, whether you grant forgiveness or not. Of course, this power is purely psychological. No physical power is being exerted. Yet we must not downplay psychological power in any way. In fact, most power is in the minds of those it affects, and is not based on tangible things. Of course, it may seem more logical that the power to kill someone is bigger than the one to grant forgiveness. This is not necessarily so. Death will get us all, sooner or later. The important part is life itself, and how it is spent. To live with a psychological power will therefore last until both people are dead, far longer than if one were simply to kill the other. The Commander and the Republic of Gilead may have power over Offred's body, but she now has power over the Commander too. From the moment on where Nick asks her to visit the Commander, she knows that he needs something. If he needs her, for whatever reason, she can control him. The fact that he has also overstepped the line means that he too can suffer grave consequences if the relationship were to be exposed, even if by the Commander's Wife. As we read on in the book, we strongly notice how the ‘balance of power' is shifting slowly from the Commander and the state to Offred herself. The more people need her (Nick also seems to want something from her) the more power she will have. The Republic of Gilead, of course, tried to remove all power from the Handmaids, but because they occupy such a vital position in society, they automatically have quite a lot of power over the whole of society. This theme of power changing hands was no doubt one of the main ideas that Margaret Atwood aimed to weave into her story. Personally, however, I feel that it tends to be overshadowed by the many other themes (most notably utopian society and gender politics) so that it really does lose a major part of its impact. Indeed, my main criticism of the whole book would be that there are so many things mixed into it that it is impossible to appreciate all aspects fully.

Features of Private Payer and Consumer Essay

A HMO is accredited by the state. For its more abject costs, the HMO has the most rigorous guidelines and the minutest alternative of suppliers. Its extremities are allotted to principal care doctors and must utilize network suppliers to be addressed, omit within exigencies. HMO were primitively planned to address all canonical services for a yearly bounty and visit co-pays. A health maintenance organization is coordinated throughout a business model. The model is based on how the terms of the correspondence link the supplier and the plan. Within all, nevertheless, enrollers must see health maintenance organization suppliers within order to be addressed. A group HMO foreshortens with more than one doctor group. Within some plans, health maintenance organizations members receive medical services within health maintenance organization owned facilities from suppliers who cultivate only for that HMO. Within others, members inflict the supplier’s facilities, and the suppliers can a lso treat nonmember patients. IPA (Independent or Individual Practice Association) type of health maintenance organization is an affiliation made by doctors with individually owned practices who foreshorten united to supply care for HMO members. A health maintenance organization compensates managed fees for medical services to the Independent Practice Association. The IPA in turn compensates its doctor members, either through a fee or capitates rate. Suppliers may link more than one IPA and generally see nonmember patients. A point-of-service plan is intercrossed of PPO and HMO networks. Members may prefer from a primary or secondary network. The primary network is HMO-like and the secondary network is generally a PPO network. Like HMOs, POS plans appoint a yearly premium and co-pay for office inflicts. A point-of –service may be integrated as a tiered plan, for exemplar, with dissimilar rates for particularly assigned suppliers, veritable participating suppliers, and out-of-network suppliers. Indemnity (insurance) call for deductible, premium, and coinsurance defrayments. They generally address seventy to eighty percent of costs for comprehended benefits after deductibles are assembled. Many have some managed care ch aracteristics since remunerators contend for employer’s contracts and attempt to assure costs. CDHP (consumer-driven or consumer-directed health plans) aggregate two elements which are (1) a-high deductible health plan and (2) one or more tax-preferable savings accounts that the patient; which is the consumer  addresses. The two plans cultivate together: The high-deductible health plans addresses tragedy losses, and the savings account devotes out of the pocket or unveiled disburses. CDHP authorize consumers to deal their usage of healthcare services and products. CDHPs decimate most co-pays coverage and agitate responsibility for managing the dollars within the savings account to mortars. CDHPs promote individuals to seek routine well-care gains. For the CDHP approach to cultivate, then, consumers must be capable to detect precise healthcare data. A health reimbursement account is a medical reimbursement plan set up and funded through an employer. Health Reimbursement Account are generally offered to employees with health plans that have high deductibles. Employees may submit claims to the HRA to be compensated back for out of pocket medical disbursements. Some troupes extend FSA, which is known as Flexible Savings (Spending) Accounts that augment employees other health insurance coverage. Employees have the alternative of putting pretax dollars from their remunerators within the FSA; they can then utilize the fund to compensate for sure dependent and medical care expenses. The FSA might be utilized within one of two ways. Within some companies, the employer has to file a claim with the plan after compensating a bill. The weakness of an FSA as equated with an HAS is that fresh dollars go back to the employer underneath the â€Å"use it or lose it† rule at the conclusion of the year. Employees must attempt to anticipate their years disbursements to avert either underfunding or overfunding the account. References: Valerius, J., Bayes, N., Newby, C., & Seggern, J. (2008).Medical insurance: An integrated claims process approach (3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. U.S. Treasurer’s Office. http://www.treasury.gov.resource-center/faqs/Taxes/Pages/Health-Savings-Accounts.aspx The Regence BlueCross BlueShield of Oregon. http://www.regence.com/

Wal-Mart Strategic Audit

Offering products at everyday low prices is one of Wal-Mart’s many strategies. The company value chain helps identify activities associated with how Wal-Mart achieves their many strategies. First, Wal-Mart’s supply chain management is extremely cost effective. For example, Wal-Mart has been known to imitate competition’s successful merchandising concepts. Another cost-effective method in Wal-Mart’s supply chain management is their ability to track the movement of products through the entire value chain. Whether the product is in shipment, in distribution center inventory, in-store inventory or on the shelf, or at the cash register, Wal-Mart can track it in real time. Their capability in streamlining supplies among stores and suppliers has helped them maintain appropriate inventory and track what sells and what doesn’t. Operations and distribution strategies have also helped Wal-Mart achieve low prices. Wal-Mart’s strategy has been to plot stores outside of large cities and within 200 miles of existing stores. Clustering stores together in small areas, Wal-Mart relies on word-of-mouth advertising to win over consumers in larger cities. Because stores are close together, distribution costs are below average. Furthermore, Wal-Mart seeks to meet different customers’ needs with four distinct retail options; these include discount stores, supercenters, Sam’s Clubs, and neighborhood markets. Each store concept has a specific range of store size, total employment, and estimated sales. One of Wal-Mart’s foremost strategies is to provide superior service to customers. Every store has a â€Å"greeter† near the entrance to welcome customers, offer them a shopping cart, and direct them toward where their items are located. Rule number eight in Sam Walton’s 10 Rules for Building a Business is to â€Å"Exceed our customers’ expectations. If you do, they’ll come back over and over. † Alternative Strategies Wal-mart Stores Inc. is known to most as the low price leader but Wal-mart also has a controversial image. Being a multibillion dollar business does not excuse one from problems. Over the years Wal-Mart has been one of the most scrutinized businesses in America. Wal-Mart has had to deal with employee disputes over health benefits, wages, hours, and labor. They have faced opposition from the communities, banks, elected leaders, and unions in many of the small towns they have expanded to. Many argue that Wal-Mart stores can have a negative effect on the community, because Wal-Mart has driven out other local competition by driving the prices down. Some have even gone to great lengths to stop Wal-mart stores from entering their cities. Wal-Mart’s goal is to treat their customers like family while providing them with quality goods at lower prices but Wal-Mart’s image is deflating. Why? What can be done? The challenge facing Wal-Mart, especially in this trying time of economic hardship, is to boost its perceived value to the customer by improving the quality of their goods while keeping themselves differentiated from their competitors. There are several options that Wal-Mart can utilize in order to change their image. There are three significantly different options to follow that Wal-Mart should analyze and take action. One option is Wal-mart needs to target the higher margin, discretionary sales. Different products need to be the center of the marketing efforts, for example more fashionable merchandise. To entice the style conscious advertising should also be shifted to towards the higher margin sales. The second option is unionization. By unionizing a company such as Wal-Mart, the costs would be immense in initial start up while they may balance out future legal costs. If Wal-Mart allowed for unionization, their perceived image will change dramatically. A third option is creating a strategic alliance or a joint venture with local farmers. By creating a new image through marketing or through unionization we now can create a new enticing atmosphere drawing in a diverse consumer. Strategic Evaluation of Alternatives Higher Margin Target Market Wal-Mart has always had a smaller margin 30%, compared with Target at 45%, on discretionary items, like furniture, electronics, sporting goods, entertainment and apparel. Wal-Mart can attract the style conscious consumer a few different ways. One way is by offering high-quality clothing items. This can be done by scouting out up and coming high-end designers at fashion/art schools and working with them to design clothing lines that would appeal to not only the Wal-Mart shoppers but also the urban market consumers to bring in more upscale customers and wider profit margins. Styles and variations can be done by target marketing, by age, income, lifestyles. Then pricing structures and marketing methods can be set up for each dominant market. The pros for this strategy are simple, profit and a diversity among the consumers; attracting a different kind of customer. By attracting this target market you open the door to more crowded stores, possible price increases, and thereby you may find the original Wal-mart consumer shopping elsewhere. Unionization By using a functional strategy to implement unionization, Wal-Mart’s perceived image would change dramatically. They would be viewed publicly as a caring employer that wants to offer the best benefits to its associates, attracting better workers thus creating better customer service and longevity of their associates. Due to the negative publicity that Wal-Mart has encounter about its workers pay and benefits, this would be seen as a positive action. Wal-Mart has had to work hard to clear their name from bad press relating from their business practices, from low pay and stingy health benefits, to ligation issues. Wal-Mart is a multi-billion dollar company where their top executives are some of the richest in the country, however, their employees are barely making minimum wage at the highest, and are facing the harsh reality of being unable to support their families. As a multi-billion dollar company, providing benefits would be a great opportunity for Wal-Mart to help employees and the economy but it will also help revive the company’s current image into something much more positive. A union would help establish and maintain the program plus it would also create team unity which in turn would create a more positive work environment. Not only would it bring more customers to the store, it will cut down on its lawsuits. The introduction of a union may even cut costs because the company would then be held to more strict guidelines, resulting in less legal issues. However, the cost of implementing a union would be great. Employees may also be leery of paying union dues. Strategic Alliance or Joint Venture with local farmers Wal-Mart could expand its business to include partnerships with local farmers utilizing a cooperative strategy, by creating a strategic alliance or a joint venture with local farmers. These local farmers will benefit from the large scale business that Wal-Mart would offer. Wal-Mart by buying locally are reducing their environmental stamp, giving back to the community and enabling their consumers to purchase fresh produce thus creating an image of helping communities. The local farmers could grow produce, including organic, that could be stocked in local locations, advertising this within store with locally grown signs above each product, depicting the location and photo of the farm/farmer would make consumers aware that purchasing these products will benefit their local community. Moving into organic foods will create new challenges for Wal-Mart's well-known supply-chain system. The wholesale organic foods market is made up of many small suppliers selling perishable goods that require complicated handling. Recommended Strategy; Strategic Alliance or Joint Venture with local farmers Wal-mart has managed to develop a brand name synonymous with low cost products but not necessarily quality products. This image has attracted a core lower-income consumer which organic products may not appeal to. However, Organic products represent a new, growing category of demand for all retailers. Many consumers today are actively buying American made and grown products with an increase of interest in organic products. Wal-mart has the opportunity now to diversify its target market to include the heath conscious consumer. Having a Joint venture or strategic alliance with local farmers will create an image of helping local communities, increase sales, reduce costs, and create a loyal customer base by using the local farmers Implementation A. Wal-Mart can increase profits by using local markets. Buying locally from the farmers will reduce transportation cost and increase product freshness. B. Wal-Mart will lead the food markets by using local farmers exclusively. C. Research and Development will be implemented at the local store manager level. The supply and expected demand will also be determined at the local level. Strategic Manager: Julie Communication: Online Meetings Accountability: Upd ate, determine needs for local markets Frequency: Quarterly Evaluation and Control. Wal-Mart’s evaluation and control of the implementation of a strategic alliance or joint venture with local farmers process starts with setting performance standards. Wal-Mart will set performance standards that will allow guidelines to be set that will define the differences between actual and desired results. These standards will help to ensure that Wal-Mart is able to catch any issues related to the implementation and implement new procedures if needed. Wal-Mart can begin by analyzing the overall market they would operate in using a benchmarking process. The benchmarking process would enable Wal-Mart to better understand the services, products and competitors that it would be going up against in this market segment. By utilizing this process Wal-Mart will have a better understanding of their competitors, the process they use and possibly the ability to do it better. Once Wal-Mart has analyzed its competitors, the monitoring of the implementation begins. In the evaluation and control process Wal-Mart needs to begin to set up a control system that would enable Wal-Mart to monitor departments within each store. These systems would then enable them to maintain quality standards, monitor pricing, follow current trends and have the ability to implement any necessary changes to the system within each store immediately. There should be multiple control systems to ensure that management is able to provide feedback within each corporate level, enabling them to be able to resolve any issues prior to the completion of the implementation. Wal-Mart is known for â€Å"everyday low prices† and maintaining their edge as the low cost leader is important during this process.

Adverse Effects Of Technology On Student Learning

Adverse Effects Of Technology On Student Learning As I was sitting in my room one night reading through articles on technology and its effect on education, a single idea sparked my interest in the topic: how students in my generation were being seen as negatively affected in the academic sphere by the advent of the iPhone, iPads, and constant television streaming. This idea got me thinking about my own life and use of technology both inside and outside the walls of my high school. It is hard for me to imagine a life without my devices, but the concerns by teachers across America are almost impossible to ignore. In today’s society, technology is a huge part of the lives of the current generation of high school students and will be even more ingrained in the lives of younger generations. The use of technology in schools will not slow down in the future, it will only grow more rapidly each year. Technology in education has caused students to lose focus in the classroom and become less analytical problem-solvers in regards to cri tical thinking questions. Clearly, the use of technological devices in the niche of education hampers the learning ability of students in the classroom. Initially, technology use in educational settings impedes students’ focus on scholastic tasks. Obviously, students do not always regard school as entertaining. Historically, students that were uninterested in a subject or lesson would often not have a way to escape from listening to the teacher; however, in today’s culture, students can turn to a tiny, pocket-sized treasure chest of games on their cell phone when they get bored in class. As technological advances have evolved, cell phones have made it easier and more accessible for students to become distracted from learning. Writer for the New York Times, Matt Richtel, in his article for the Times, â€Å"Technology Changing How Students Learn, Teachers Say†, published in the New York Times on November 1, 2012, addresses the topic of technology in education and argues that students have minimized the ability to focus on schoolwork since the technological boom. He supports this claim by examining one large-scale survey conducted by the Pew Internet Project, a branch of the Pew Research group, then analyzing another large-scale survey conducted by Vicky Rideout of Common Sense Media, a non-profit, San Francisco-based organization which counsels parents on childhood media use, and finally he uses interviews from teachers who spend time daily observing students in their classrooms. Richtel’s purpose is to show that students of the current generation have shifted dramatically in their approaches to learning and how the impact of technology has made it more difficult for students to keep attention on their responsibilities in school in order to help educators and parents rethink the amount of use of technology their student should be allowed to use. From the article, Richtel claims that, â€Å"There is a widespread belief among teachers that students’ constant use of digital technology is hampering their attention spans,† and this quote is spot-on in the culture of our soci ety. In Richtel’s quote, he illuminates how teachers, the people spending almost eight hours a day with students, have been seeing a noticeable decline in their students’ ability to focus on specific tasks in academia. If teachers, given their extensive time spent with students, have all had a similar experience with students’ waning attention spans, it is hard to discount that evidence against students. Evidently, teachers have been noticing as obvious degeneration in students’ ability to focus since the introduction of technological devices in student possession. Likewise, in the New York Times article, â€Å"Growing Up Digital, Wired for Distraction† (2010), author Matt Richtel, writer for the New York Times, asserts that the attention spans of contemporary students has diminished and suggests that technology is to blame for the decline. He backs up this claim by doing the following: first, he begins the article as the story of seventeen-year-old Vishal, a once bright and attentive student who’s grades have plummeted since he discovered technology in seventh grade, next, he uses research done by a Duke University professor and The Kaiser Family Foundation to supplement his thesis, last, he includes more stories of students and how they feel their use of technology has impacted their academic life. In this article, Richtel states, that â€Å"Several recent studies show that young people tend to use home computers for entertainment, not learning, and that this can hurt school performance, particularly in low-income families.â €  This quote is significant because, Richtel explains how studies that have been done in the recent past have supported the thesis of home computers being used by students for purposes other than those that are educational. For example, students at home may use their computers for social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram or video streaming sites like YouTube instead of using the computer to play learning-centered games, read e-books, or work on homework. Furthermore, students are also apt to spend more time on these non-educational sites than on sites which could help them study for quizzes and tests or further their knowledge on subjects that they are not strong in and thus, hindering academic performance. It is well-defined that it is tremendously easy for students to lose focus on academic subjects while distracted by technology. Additionally, technology in education has also been shown to lessen the amount of critical thinking done by students in complex problems. Matt Richtel also discusses the topic of reduced problem-solving skills in his article â€Å"Technology Changing How Students Learn, Teachers Say†. In this article, Richtel states, â€Å"Lisa Baldwin, 48, a high school teacher in Great Barrington, Mass., [who] said students’ ability to focus and fight through academic challenges was suffering an ‘exponential decline’.† He goes on further to say that, â€Å"She said she was the decline most sharply in students whose parents allowed unfettered access to television, phones, iPads and video games.† Clearly, teachers have taken notice of the decline of students’ critical thinking skills in recent years. Whether it be in math, science, English, or any other subject, there will always be challenges to students that they may not be necessarily confident on how to solve the anticipated problem. As technology advances, students will be more enabled to use the internet to find the answers to such complicated problems instead of learning how to work through them, which will in turn, cause them to slowly lose the critical thinking skills necessary to adulthood. As in the quote from Ms. Baldwin, the â€Å"academic challenges† that are proposed to students will not just go away with the evolution of technology, and students will have to become more skilled problem-solvers than they currently are in order to succeed academically. The importance of preserving problem-solving skills in future generations is unimaginable, and it is recognizably a problem that many teachers, including Ms. Baldwin, are experiencing. Moreover, the ability of students to solve multifaceted problems has also been recognized by students to be a clear issue in education due to the use of technology. Matt Richtel also discusses the topic of the weakening ability of students to solve complex problems in his article â€Å"Growing Up Digital, Wired for Distraction†. In his article, Richtel observes the class of teacher Marcia Blondel, an expert teacher, who has been forced to resort to reading aloud in a senior English class because students have lacked the ability to read the assigned passages at home. Ms. Blondel states, â€Å"You can’t become a good writer by watching YouTube, texting and e-mailing a bunch of abbreviations.† This quote shows how teachers like Ms. Blondel are particularly alert to the fact that student learning capacities have taken a considerable shift from students being proactive to barely reading an assigned group of pages in a senior English class. It is more than understand able for an elementary-level English class to verbally read passages in class to bolster comprehension, but in a high school-level class, verbal reading is almost non-existent. The claim made by Ms. Blondel is not uncommon, technology has taken over aspects of students’ lives that were once filled by semi-meaningful actions. Discernibly, the use of technology has significantly hampered students’ ability to solve intricate problems. Conclusively, technology in education has huge implications on student achievement. The use of digital devices in educational settings has impeded on this culture’s students’ ability to focus and maintain attention in the classroom, as well as technology diminishing the ability of students to solve complex mental problems presented in classroom situations. Clearly, the use of technology in education has had a negative impact on today’s society’s students in the areas of focus and problem-solving. This thesis is bad for our culture because unless a restriction is placed on technology use by students, the dependency on technology will only grow and the problems proposed in the thesis will only become exacerbated by future generations of students. As thousands of students enter the school system each scholastic year, it is necessary to understand the true impact that iPhones, iPads, television, and video games have on developing minds. It is up to educators and parents to change this growing trend.