Is democracy an antidote to revolution for Tocqueville Discuss with Essay

Is democracy an antidote to revolution for Tocqueville Discuss with reference to De la democratie Amerique - Essay Example The difference between the revolution in France and the American Revolution marks its way in the book â€Å"Democracy in America† that Alexis De Tocqueville has written has written as a commentary about the young nation of migrants with its hodgepodge of races and people but was still able to harmonize and assimilate democracy through its definite leadership and concrete adherence to the ideals unlike the monarchical affinities that was still common in Europe. Though he did not hold a mastery of politics, De Tocqueville embarked on an elaboration of his conceived notions of America in his study during his sojourn in the country. A comparison of the continent of Europe in the early 17th century manifests where supreme monarchy is omnipresent and victorious over the oligarch and feudal freedom during the Middle Ages. The concept of right was blemished in the grandeur of Europe, there were few activities of political nature, no idea of liberty expressed openly, in which time these principles were already proclaimed in the land known as the New World where it is openly accepted and viewed as the future of the nation. These intrepid theories of human nature and of intellectual reason were then practiced by a community modest in its application by the statesmen in charged of its proliferation (De Tocqueville, p.60). The principles which have become the basis of today’s constitutions that used to be unknown in Europe and were unsuccessful in Great Britain during this time were already recognized in America. Among these are; the capability of the citizens to intervene in matters concerning the public, the autonomy in the election of taxes, the innate responsibility of those delegated with power, personal liberty, jury trials, etc. that were already in discussion in the New World. These principles which are seen vastly today are the positive consequences resulting from the applications from

Analysis of Debt in the US

Analysis of Debt in the US TABLE OF CONTENTS 1) COVER PAGE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.PG1 2) TABLE OF CONTENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.PG2 3) OECD†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.PG3 3.1) PREDICTIONS OF USA ECONOMY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.PG 3.2) SOLUTIONS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.PG 4) IMPORTANCE OF DEFICIT REDUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PG3 4.1) OBJECTIVES OF DEFICIT REDUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ PG 4.2) DISADAVTANGES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PG4 5) SUBSTANTIVE KEYNESIAN STIMULUS PACKAGE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..PG4 5.1) REFORM OF THE TAX SYSTEM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.PG5 5.2) FISCAL POLICY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PG5 6) CREDIT CRUNCH†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PG6 6.1) MONETARY POLICY 7) BIBILOGRAPHY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PG7 I) OECD is the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development which is an extraordinary gathering where the legislatures of 34 majority rule governments with business sector economies work with one another, and in addition with more than 70 non-part economies to advance monetary development, thriving and reasonable improvement. The association gives a setting where governments can hope to measure up approach encounters, look for answers to normal issues, recognize great practice and direction residential and worldwide strategies. Budget deficit is at the point when government consumptions surpass government charge incomes in a provided time, the legislature is handling a financial plan shortage for that duration. The monetary allowance deficiency, at which it is the contrast between legislature uses also in addition duty incomes, is capitalization by the government obtaining; the administration gives out permanent, periodically interested bonds and applies the returns to back the shortfall. The aggregate load of legislated connections and investment installments exceptional, from present and previous time, is known as the national debt. At US, they have been using more than they are supposed to, making a noteworthy deficiency since the end of the Clinton organization at which it becomes every day and can be followed to the penny. Much the same as any normal American family unit, overspending can bear on for amplified periods by moving over obligation and getting more cash in what would appear to be an endless session of pursuing our tail. For example, if the government was to spend $1 trillion, where would they get the money from? The answer to that question is from taxes and borrowed money from other countries and not to forget from private firms. Private firms are very much affected since their money is used by the government, their income decreases. It is at the point when the legislature funds a deficiency by acquiring, it is increasing the national debt. At the point when the legislature uses become short of what duty incomes in a certain duration, the administration is running a financial plan surplus for that year. Due to this deficit, US are unable to pay this large debt that they struggle to pay. To solve this problem, the best way is to raise tax and reduce spending. However, the principle issue is that both alternatives present dangers and dont generally balance one another like two moving targets. Case in point, basic using cuts on government employments could diminish the using base of numerous government representatives, which could make a slower-becoming economy with fewer assessments to gather. On the income side, essentially raising duties can have the same impact by diminishing disposable salary for family units and decreasing corporate benefits. This is precisely why the methodology of lessening a shortfall is a fragile tradeoff, and lawmakers do a complex move to get those results. II) In the US, their debt has reached $13 trillion and has become a major issue since they have resulted in budget deficit. They apply the two schools of thought which is fiscal policy and monetary policy to try and solve this problem. Monetary is a term used to allude to the activities of national banks to accomplish macroeconomic approach goals, for example, price stability, full employment, and stable economic growth whereas fiscal is a term used to allude to the assessment and the use of strategies of the central government. There are many objectives of monetary policy; the first one is full employment which has been positioned among the principal destinations of financial strategy. It is a vital objective not just on the grounds that unemployment prompts wastage of potential yield, additionally in view of the loss of social standing and self esteem. Another objective would be price stability which is to balance out the price level since vacillations in costs bring vulnerability and shakiness to the economy. There is also economic growth as a target of monetary policy which involves the actual per capita wage of a nation increment over a drawn out stretch of time and lastly the equilibrium in payments. However there are its potential negative effects, â€Å"Bernanke explicitly targets a policy of helping the rich (those who own stocks) and then suggests that the result of making the rich richer will be increased consumption and final demand which will somehow trickle down to the guys and gals in the unemployment line.†[taken from website] http://www.businessinsider.com/the-consequences-of-easy-monetary-policy-2012-9#ixzz3KE7KCpcd ]This explains that the policy benefits the rich compared to the average American since this policy provide occupations for those who own stocks and this result in the increase of unemployment for the average American. Hence this can slow down economic growth. â€Å"It is pretty standard for Keynesian economics professors to deride supply-side economics and what they call trickle-down economics. Cutting taxes on the rich will translate into a better economy and jobs?† [taken from website:http://www.businessinsider.com/the-consequences-of-easy-monetary-policy-2012-9#ixzz3KE8ejXC0] this additionally alludes to the event of the rich that their lavishness can permit them to escape tax however this will bring about the defeat of the economy since they are not given the extraordinary treatment like the wealthier individuals. The increase in high unemployment will benefit the government since they can reduce government spending in paying wages to the employees but will result in high inflation because this will affect prices as there is a shortage in supply which can be seen in the graph provided. In fiscal policy there are many types of policies, it joins conventional and Keynesian points of view of fiscal methodology. It is the conviction that expansionary and contractionary cash related arrangements are able to be utilized to impact macroeconomic execution which is most nearly connected with Keynes and his devotees. The established perspective of expansionary or contractionary monetary arrangements is that such approaches are unnecessary in light of the fact that there are business systems for instance, the adaptable alteration of costs and salaries—which provide to keep the economy at or close to the characteristic level of genuine GDP at all times. Appropriately, established economists accept that the administration ought to carry out an adjusted plan every single year. Earlier mentioned, due to the favor of the government for the wealthy people, there is a way to solve the inflation US is facing by applying the contractionary fiscal methodology. Keynesians debate that money related methodology can be applied to fight expected additions in the rate of development. Expect that the economy is starting now at the consistent level of certified GDP and that aggregate investment is foreseen to construct further, which will bring about the AD curve in Figure to move from AD 1 to AD 2. The governing body can take off this inflation by partaking in a contractionary budgetary system proposed to diminishing aggregate demand by enough to keep the AD curve from moving out to AD 2. Again, the governing body needs just to decrease utilizations or increase taxes by a little entirety as an issue of the multiplier affects that such exercises will have. However Fiscal policy has its negative effects, one of them includes the ‘poor sales’ which involves the downfall of small businesses due to lack of demand. The stress on the budget deficit, really, has provoked a net drag from budgetary approach on the economy. Goldman Sachs has released its latest chart demonstrating what sum monetary methodology is cheapening improvement now and in future years. This can be shown in the chart given. The fiscal policy, in the middle of the state and neighborhood government, is giving for the most part a 0.6% delay in GDP in this quarter. Financial arrangement went negative in the second quarter of 2010, and has been postponing advancement since the time that. This is what is implied by public division dejection. State and central government have been dragging down the economy for 8 quarters, and that is depended upon to continue for very much a while, through the end of 2013 according to this layout. In addition, the dotted line on the outline demonstrates what would happen if Congress does not pass the payroll tax break through the end of the year, alongside unemployment advantages. III) Credit crunch is the cash market condition in which advances are difficult to get. Credit crunch happens normally when a council tries to control swelling by constraining impediments on loanings to clients and little associations which this can likewise be called credit press. A credit crunch is frequently made by a kept up time of rash and disgraceful advancing which realizes hardships for giving foundations and monetary pros in the red when the advances turn barbarous and the full level of horrendous commitments becomes known. Basic credit conditions (sometimes implied as ache free pay or segregated credit) are depicted by low premium rates for borrowers and detached advancing practices by dealers, making it easy to get sparing advances. A credit crunch is the opposite, in which speculation rates climb and giving practices tighten. Straightforward credit conditions intimates that funds are expeditiously available to borrowers, which realizes asset expenses climbing if the progressed stores used to buy assets in a particular business part, for instance, land or stocks. Credit crunch is usually caused by a few factors, some of the main causes include the fall in bank giving, fall in certainty coming about because of the budgetary flimsiness, fall in fares from worldwide recession, collapse in lodging markets prompting negative riches impacts which then brings about monetary grimness aggravating the beginning fall in GDP. In Europe, the single money made extra issues due to over-esteemed trade rates, and high security yields. Apart from that, the fall in house cost was an alternate variable prompting retreat. In the blast years, climbing house costs (and riches) underpinned higher purchaser using. At the point when house costs dropped, numerous mortgage holders confronted negative value. Hence, they decrease using and could no more depend on re-selling to increase value withdrawal. The worldwide nature of the emergency implied that there was additionally a drop in world exchange. Nations, saw a drop in fares as the worldwide downturn prompted lower request. In 2008, there was additionally a top in oil costs. This confounded matters in light of the fact that it brought on expense push swelling. This expense push swelling made Central Banks more hesitant to cut premium rates. Likewise, higher oil costs lessened optional salary and prompted lower using. Typically in a subsidence, oil costs fall. Then again, due to climbing request in China and India, we saw climbing oil costs – even as Europe and the US went into subsidence. High oil and thing costs were an alternate component lessening interest. This affects the UK economy through several factors. The first factor is companies; it is where the English organizations are attempting to survive amidst the credit crunch. There is also repossession starting to become popular. The administration of value expresses that the amount of court appeals for home advance repossessions rose to 28,568 in March, April and May to the end of June. This is a 24% increase during the same period in the previous year and the most noteworthy since the second from last quarter of 1992, during which 30,587 requests were created. There is also mortgages where the quantity of home loans affirmed for residential buys decreased by 70% in the year. August was to remain at only 32,000 and the quantity of individuals remortgaging additionally reduced, decreasing to 64,000 in August from a normal of 88,000 in the past six months as a consequence of strict giving circumstance, the administration stated that the quantity of houses being bargained for in Britain tumbled to its lowest standard since August, 1959. In addition, there is consumer credit and pensions. The affect of credit crunch in US is billions of pounds cleaned off British annuity plans since the beginning of credit crunch the previous summer. Benefits specialists Hargreaves Lansdowne assessed that the framework has lost two hundred and fifty billion and is currently worth about  £1,000 billion. Besides that, there is noteworthy stress over the timeframe and earnestness of the credit crunch brought on by the present budgetary problem. Few confirmations show that this could transform into a standout amongst the most exceedingly horrendous credit crunches in late history. Economists describe it as a recognize pound as an issue withdrawal in the provision of credit mirrored in the squeezing of credit conditions. A key gage of balance terms, the ‘Federal Reserves Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices’, exhibited a documented stage of tightening in October 2008 in the course of the given duration. For far reaching companies, 84.4% of the greates t outlined reserve and 82.6% of the smaller concentrated on banks stated a constrict credit measures. For more diminutive companies, 71.9% of the greater reserves and 78.3% of the smaller reserves reported pressure. None of the audited banks expressed any encouraging of measures. The January 2009 diagram similarly displayed amazing pressure—however not precisely as passionate as the numbers in October. For broad companies, 65.5% of gigantic reserves and 62.5% of humbler banks abatement balance over the duration of three-months. For little companies, the rates were 67.8% and 70.9% independently. BIBLIOGRAPHY INVESTOPEDIA STAFF. ().budget deficit.Available: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/budget-deficit.asp. Last accessed 25/11/2014 Michael Schmidt. ().The U.S. National Spending And Debt.Available: http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/052213/us-national-spending-and-debt.asp . Last accessed 25/11/2014.v Federal reserve system. (2014).What is the difference between monetary policy and fiscal policy, and how are they related? Available: http://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/money_12855.htm. Last accessed 25/11/2014. Saritha Pujari Policies. ().Monetary Policy: Meaning, Objectives and Instruments of Monetary Policy.Available: http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/policies/monetary-policy-meaning-objectives-and-instruments-of-monetary-policy/11134/. Lastaccessed 25/11/2014. Smriti ChandEconomics. ().FiscalPolicy: Meaning, Objectives and Other Information | Article on Economics.Available: http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/fiscal-policy-meaning-objectives-and-other-information-article-on-economics/29231/. Lastaccessed25/11/2014. John Maulidin. (2012).The Consequences Of EasyMonetary Policy.Available: http://www.businessinsider.com/the-consequences-of-easy-monetary-policy-2012-9. Lastaccessed25/11/2014. cliffnotes. ().Fiscal Policy.Available: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/economics/fiscal-and-monetary-policy/fiscal-policy. Last accessed 25/11/2014 David Dayen. (2012).Fiscal PolicyHavingNegative Impacton Economic Growth.Available: http://news.firedoglake.com/2012/01/10/fiscal-policy-having-negative-impact-on-economic-growth/. Last accessed 25/11/2014. http://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/oct/13/economics-creditcrunch investopedia Tejvan Pettinger. (2013).The great recession 2008-13.Available: http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/7501/economics/the-great-recession/. Last accessed 25/11/2014/.

Cronenberg’s Videodrome and the Post-Modern Condition :: Cronenberg Videodrome Essays

Cronenberg’s Videodrome and the Post-Modern Condition      Ã‚  Ã‚   In past years, when an artist or philosopher critiqued the reality of the world, it was always presumed that there was a reality to be criticized. However, post-modernity has presented those people with a horrifying new challenge -- a world that has literally been so overcome by its technology that the important issues of man's existence no longer consist of finding answers to questions like "Why are we born to suffer and die?" but merely trying to distinguish between the real and the unreal, which to post-modern man is not esoteric philosophical speculation, but a practical day to day issue. The post-modern trajectory is one that leaves humans fighting not to maintain political supremacy or to break the shackles of injustice, but simply to maintain their identities as real beings in the face of technology's blurring of the lines between man and mechanics, humanity and machinery, reality and image. This struggle seems to be a losing battle for mankind, as each day the in ventions that were meant to bring us pleasure and increase our leisure time, instead dehumanize us by taking a piece of our selfhood for their own with every passing moment. The post-modern social theorist Jean Baudrillard posits that the world of today is a never-ending "virtual apocalypse" of reality yielding to the hyperreal--reality defined not as what, in fact is. but rather that which can be simulated, reproduced, or Xeroxed. Desperate times call for desperate measures, and never has this been more true than in the world of the post-modern, where the only viable strategy left is to take technology's weapons and turn them to our advantage, in one final attempt to preserve our humanity by somehow finding meaning in the hallucinatory, cybernetic, hyperreal spectacle that is the post-modern condition. Of all the possible means of gaining the insight into our nature and the nature of the world that is necessary to survive technology's siege on reality, few media are as powerful as cinema (after all, film provides a uniquely accessible and intense vehicle for ideas), and few film-makers are as adept at dissecting the concept of post-modernity as the Canadian author David Cronenberg. In an age where every passing moment constitutes a further obscuring of the boundary between reality and image, this prophetic director clarifies, cuts through, and captures the very essence of post-modernity, through masterfully done pieces of cinematography that bring technology, obsession, and carnality together and pit them against each other in the horrific battlefield of the mind, each fighting for control of the human psyche.

Laughter Therapy Essay

â€Å"Laughter is the best medicine!† We’ve all heard that before, but is it true? Studies show 20-25 minutes of laughter every day is healthy for the body. Laughing also helps with depression, cancer patients, making our hearts healthy. It also strengthens our immune systems, relieves stress, helps us look younger and so much more. Laughing Therapy relates to positive thinking. Most diseases are related to stress, tension depression. When we have tension, we start various problems in our body such as; high blood pressure, heart troubles, lowers our immune systems, etc. Laughing helps relaxes our muscles and helps in relieving stress. Muscular tension is released when you laugh. Your digestion is better. It helps heart rate and helps blood flow. The blood vessels carrying blood in our body expands which results in increased blood supply to various body parts. When we laugh, our mind stops the thought process, we don’t think of anything, keeping our stress at lowest possible level. Laughter also helps in keeping the level of stress hormones low. Laughing also helps in fighting against mental stress, anxiety, depression, insomnia and various other mental disorders. This reduces our dependencies up on various medications required to stay away from the illness. People who try laughter therapy say they feel much better, tension-free, mentally balanced and they sleep better than before. By laughing, it improves our immune system. As I stated above, the base of laughter therapy relates to positive thinking. It is proved scientifically that if a person has negative thoughts while he/she is sick or prey to depression or anger about his/her illness, then it results in weakening of his/her immune system and then it takes more high doses of medications to cure that person. At the other end, positive thinking helps a person improve his/her immune system and become healthy again as soon as possible. Laughter therapy helps in removing negative thoughts from our mind and not letting our immune system go down any further. â€Å"According to one research, laughter helps in increasing the number of Natural Killer cells, antibodies levels in our body which fight against diseases that attack us, improving our immune system many folds.† This has proved very helpful in fighting against some deadly diseases such as cancers, AIDS, some mental disorder. The treatment of which requires patient to have a strong immune system. It also helps you feel and look younger by exercising your facial muscles. Laughter provides support in curing some chronicle and hereditary diseases, asthma, obesity problems, addictions of various types by improving conditions of patients such by strengthening immune system, blocking negative thoughts, arresting anger and similar mental conditions. People who cannot exercise because of their physical condition, have found laughter to be very beneficial. Steve Wilson started the Laughter Therapy in 1964. He was a psychologist at the Ohio Reformatory for Women. Wilson was asked to teach his practices in other states and it became a hit! He went from Ohio across to California and he made it to India. In India, he met Dr. K in 1998, who was also a Laughter Therapists. The teachers’ in India who believes in the laughing therapy was completely different from the East side of the world. The East side thought it would just a study to go into for school and to help relieve stress. The West believed it healed the ill ones. With the influence of the India teachers and his colleagues from the East, Wilson decided to start his World Laughter Tour so the methods of the East and the West could be shown to the whole world. There are classes taught everywhere here in Utah. Most are called Laughter Yoga Classes. The Laughter Yoga Classes is learning the unconditional laughter with yogic breathing, also known as Pranayama. You will learn how to just laugh, without even hearing a joke, seeing something funny, or even thinking. Laughter Yoga is non-political, non-religious, non-racial, non-threatening, and non-competitive. It also teaches you to just take a breather and stay positive no matter what situation you are in. â€Å"Laughter Yoga combines laughter with yogic breathing exercises. It is a perfect way to laugh and get exercise at the same time. It approaches laughter as a body exercise so it’s easy to laugh even if you’re depressed or in a bad mood. I’ve tried it, and it works.† – Oprah Winfrey Laughing for about 20-25 minutes a day can make you feel fresh for the rest of the day. Not only does it make you feel fresh but also it helps keep you healthy. Laughing will help keep your blood levels downs, help the blood flow smoothly, relaxes your muscles, and help cure diseases. You will learn how to relax and think positive. Laughter Therapy is known all over the world. However, I have just found out about this. Classes are taught all over Utah. Take a class and get the feel of what Laughter Therapy can do to you. And remember, â€Å"Laughter is the best medicine!† Works Cited: 1. http://www.worldlaughtertour.com/sections/about/history.asp †¢ CeraNet, Inc. World Laughter Tour, Inc. – History  ©2011 †¢ Used September 24, 2011 2. http://www.laughteryoga.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=731:laughter-yoga-as-laughter-therapy&catid=263:laughter-yoga-for-healing-therapeutic-benefits&Itemid=457 †¢ Laughter Yoga International, Dr. Kataria – Last updated September 10, 2011 †¢ Used September 24, 2011 3. http://www.laughteryoga.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=180:what-is-laughter-yoga&catid=85:about-laughter-yoga&Itemid=265

Porter’s Five Force Model of Toyota

MIS Porter’s Five Forces Model Of Toyota Porter’s five forces model is a framework for the industry analysis and development of business strategy. Three of Porter’s five forces refers to rivalry from external/outside sources such as micro environment, macro environment and rest are internal threats. It draws ahead Industrial Organization economics to develop five forces that conclude the competitive intensity and consequently attractiveness of a market place or industry. Attractiveness in this framework refers to the generally overall industry profitability. An â€Å"unattractiveness† in industry is one in which the mixture of these five forces proceed to constrain behind overall profitability. An extremely unattractive industry would be one moving toward â€Å"pure competition†, in which existing profits for all companies are moving down to zero. 1. Bargaining power of suppliers The bargaining power of suppliers is low. There are various types of suppliers in the vehicles industry, including the cooling system, electrical system, braking system and fuel supply system distributed across the globe. However, most vehicle manufactures own many interchangeable suppliers, and also have the ability to produce the components by their own in the short time. Thus, the suppliers do not own the power to change the price. 2. Bargaining power of buyers The Bargaining power of buyers is high. Today, buyers have a lot of information channel, such as the internet, where can easily find the proper vehicle. And, the preferences of the private consumers are important to the vehicle corporations. If automobile Company increases one type, they can also choose other type or the cheaper one. And the vehicle’s buyers can easily find the substitutes, such as walking, and bus. 3. Threat of new entrants The entrants can not enter to the automotive industry easily, as automobiles are special products that require a large amount of money on the design, electronic functions, and safety issues. And another important issue is the brand loyalty in the car market. Vehicle firms always benefit the brand value, and decrease the consumer sensitivity about the price. For example, General Motors provided $1000 to the Saab owners who planed to buy the 2008 model. 4. Rivalry among competitors The competition in the auto industry is strong. The top eight auto companies have occupy large part of global revenues, and these automobile manufacturers strengthened the globalization and consolidation across the worldwide range. The competition is not only between the corporations, but between the governments. Governments established protection laws to protect the products of each own production. For example, U. S. government increased the additional tariffs on Chinese tires in 2009. And the Toyota vehicles were recalled because the U. S. government investigated into the accelerator pedal problems. 5. Threat of substitutes The threat of the substitutes is high. There are a lot of substitutes in the automobile industry. When the price of the vehicles rises, the substitutes will emerge, there are many types of equipment that can take the place of vehicles, such bus, subway, bicycle and even walking.

Heterosexism Essays

Heterosexism Essays Heterosexism Essay Heterosexism Essay it formed by the society such as education, politics and the media). For example, In our (primary and secondary) school, our teacher try not to or never mention homosexuality, especially in the textbook. The government does not expect we become gay or lesbian. According to Faculty, sexuality has been increasingly under subtle social control. As a result, ( the operation of power in shaping sexuality)in forms of the press, publishing, cinema and television. The disciplinary character of modern society to a large extent regulates our sexuality and brings it under anonymous surveillance and it is anonymous with the invasion Of media in to our social lives. Our society telling us what kinds of sexual act are superior and good and what kinds are inferior and bad. It can explain that why a lot of homosexual people do not coming out. In Lana Kiwi Font series, we can see the heterosexual clearly how to norm us, for example, they will look at the homosexual or the bisexual queerly, and LACK showed that if you see a sexy lady at the night club, she expected thenormal man want to sex with her; if not, you will be identified to be homosexual or transgender. Especially in Lana Kiwi Font two, we can see the power of gaze. The homosexual is not allowed or accepted, So, you paid to hide his sexuality. Even in the night club, a open minded place, Gay, lesbian or the bisexual still controlled by the socio ¶y. Seize the day In Lana kiwi font series, The director emphasize Life is short. You will never know when will you die, so grab whatever chance life is offering you today. It sounds great ? But think the director was not only disseminate life is short, but also encourage the audience to have a sex and go to the night club. Why does the director try to emphasize Life is short and through this way to encourage you to have a sex? Media is a reflection of sociology and dissecting audience tastes. The film industry is a moneymaking enterprise. They need to ensure the profit to produce the film. So, they do its best to ensure a films popularity and success by incorporating the audience into the production process.

January Thaw essays

January Thaw essays Science has always been a subject that I found interest in, but I never put that interest to use. Ive taken many science classes in my life, but I can honestly say that I have not learned much. I do know, from my two days in Biology 100, that I am on the verge of learning more about science and becoming more enthusiastic about it. When I first bought A Sand County Almanac by Aldo Leopold, I thought that it was for a literature class that I was taking this semester. It did not really seem like the kind of book to be used to teach Biology, or so I thought. I flipped through the book the weekend before classes started, and I actually read January Thaw at that time. Like I said previously, I did not know that the book was for my Biology 101 class. I found January Thaw to be a great read. I was very surprised when, on August 27, 2001, my professor said that A Sand County Almanac would be the primary text for the class. I already knew that I would be interested in the book from my pre-reading, so I was delighted to begin my journey in science. In this essay, I will discuss my responses to the essay January Thaw. When I read the essay January Thaw for the first time, I thought that it was merely a story about a persons love for animals. I thought that Leopold loved animals so much that he wrote a whole essay about his observations of them. Well, I figured that my initial response to the essay was too simple and not quite right. I begin to ask questions about the text in order to come to a more educated response to the essay. Why would someone write a whole essay about the actions of animals without having a point? Why is this essay, by Leopold, still read and discussed after so long, if it was merely about the lives of wild animals? I thought very deeply about those questions and could not really answer them, but I did de ...

Product Update Introducing The NEW And Improved ReQueue!

Product Update Introducing The NEW And Improved ReQueue! Attention social automation lovers! Based on your feedback Weve made some serious improvements to your favorite social automation tool Introducing the NEW and improved ReQueue! AKA the refreshed version of the only social automation tool with built-in intelligencenow with added control, more flexibility, and even better visibility into your entire social schedule! Watch this quick demo.Or keep on readin for the full breakdown! Introducing The NEW And Improved ReQueue from @NEW! Placeholder Groups Sometimes, straight automation just doesn’t cut it (and you need a bit more more control).   With our NEW Placeholder Groups, you can create custom sharing schedules for specific groups by selecting the day, time, and sending frequency that works best for you! Here are a few examples of when using a Placeholder Group  would come in handy: For your #TBT campaign Taco Tuesday promotion Or even a #MotivationMonday campaign! The best part of using a Placeholder Group? You stay in control and can set your own sharing schedule (while still enjoying the perks of automating your social strategy). Stay in control and can set your own sharing schedule with ReQueues Placeholder Groups inOrganize ReQueue based on what matters to you Now you can prioritize the order of your ReQueue groups within your settings†¦. AND use drag + drop to quickly move social messages from one ReQueue group to another. (!!!)

Nice thing that have happened to me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nice thing that have happened to me - Essay Example I still clearly remember that I was about to turn eighteen and I was very excited about my birthday the very next day. I was hoping for many phone calls as well as wishes from my family right after midnight. But I got really disappointed when the plans did not go according to what I had wished. As the clock ticked twelve, I waited for the arrival of my parents and my siblings into my room and I kept on looking towards my cell phone to expect messages and calls from all my friends and colleagues. I waited for an hour and the thought annoyed me that nobody remembered my birthday which was the most important day of the year for me. With thoughts that I was lonely and nobody cared for me, I fell asleep. Things did not change the next morning. I woke up and got ready to leave for my school. I waited longingly for my mother to remember but she did not find anything special about the day and she bid me farewell like all the other days of the week. I was utterly disappointed and headed for s chool expecting a warm welcome from my friends but the events did not occur as per my wish and I realized that nobody even wished me. I felt very down and the day seemed to be very long at school. I did not talk much to anyone and just looked forward to reach home and not to get in contact with anyone. As soon as I reached home, there was a pleasant surprise waiting for me.

Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management Essay - 4

Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that there is a significant shortage in the number of nurses around the globe. Many countries including the United States strive to deal with this problem since it’s the mandate of the respective governments to safeguard the health of its citizens. According to recent studies, the shortage is likely to worsen if responsible authorities do not take the appropriate corrective action. By 2020, estimates point that there will be a 36 % deficit in the number of nurses available to care for patients in the U.S if there are no corrective measures. The current deficit impedes the ability of the nation to handle all its medical cases and presents a cause for worry in the event of a disastrous health event. Therefore, nursing leadership and management have roles to play in correcting the current situation while also taking the future of nursing into consideration. It necessitates retaining current nurses and recruiting qualified ones to fill t he gap. There is a host of factors that cause the shortage of nurses. Some of these influences include high levels of nurse turnovers and poor nurse retention strategies, an ageing workforce, overworking of nurses poor working conditions, inadequate remuneration, shortage in the nursing faculty outputs and other better career options for women.   The strained relationship between hospital administrators, poor hospital staffing, and organization and personal reasons are the major influences causing increases in the rates of nurse turnover.

Marketing Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Marketing Plan - Assignment Example organization in terms of generating value to the customers along with ensuring proper communication and delivery of the products and/or services to manage a feasible relationship with the clients in ways that offer profit assistance for both the organization and its stakeholders (McLeish 10-18). Human Behavior Academy (HBA) Ltd is a voluntary organization that seeks to provide education with regard to developing the human value, knowledge and attitudes. The organization intends to deal with attitude and behavior that intersects with the business, psychology, communication, social work along with other crucial aspects of all businesses and industries in the present scenario. Moreover, HBA aims to develop professionalism creating values and morals of the working individuals. With respect to the organizational structure of HBA, the organization deals with book publication, chartered programs along with providing chartered, attitude and behavior consulting facilities for the professionals in order to build a healthy community at the individual level within the fiercely competitive business world. With due consideration to the organization’s mission and vision statements, HBA can be identified to follow a holistic approach to identify the measures of attitude and behavior in order to shape the prime objectives of the organization. The organization in this regard possesses a belief that in the current phenomenon, it is becoming increasingly crucial to analyze the behavior and the attitudes deciphered by other community members in order to secure their survival. Based on this philosophy, the organizations’ mission statement has been significantly focused on the importance of awareness of human attitude and behavior which can be considered as the major influential aspects of mental health. Furthermore, the organizational mission has been envisioned with the concept of maintaining a balanced and healthy community by means of educating people regarding their and their

CURRENT EVENT ARTICLE REVIEW ON ANYTHING FINANCE RELATED Essay

CURRENT EVENT ARTICLE REVIEW ON ANYTHING FINANCE RELATED - Essay Example The survey also found that consumer IT, health-care IT and business IT remaining as favorites for VCs to increase their investment dollars at the expense of clean technology, medical-device and biopharmaceutical companies. The paradox though is that both CEOs and VCs are optimistic about the increase in value of their investments (Basich, 2011). To adequately analyze this article it is first important to understand the role of Venture Capital for the startup businesses. Venture Capital is a finance that is provided to startups that are too small to raise the capital they need, either through bank loans or otherwise but that have a high potential for growth. The numerous benefits of VC is summarised by research conducted by Puri and Zarutskie (2010) as follows: VC-financed firms typically grow more quickly, tend to grow bigger and are less likely to fail in comparison to non-VC-financed firms. When we place this into the current American context it means that VC-financing would be critical for rapid job creation due to their typical quicker growth rate and given that most employees are employed by small businesses such as these rising startups. The higher potential for massive growth also portends well for the US economy as it predicts higher wages associated with large companies that will translate to higher disposable in comes and thus increased consumer spending. Finally, the decreased likelihood of failure of VC-financed firms is vital for increasing investor confidence in the US market in general and entrepreneurship in particular. The article’s prediction of decreased venture investing in 2012 therefore robs the US of the hope of quick recovery from its slow economy. Venture investing is often accompanied by other support services such as increased management capacity, industry networking and so on which are equally critical in supporting the growth of startups.

Reading Reflection In Mixed Company (Rothwell) Essay

Reading Reflection In Mixed Company (Rothwell) - Essay Example Rothwell (2007) says that every group member should first generate their own list and then for the group to come together so everyone’s ideas can be ranked in order of importance. This helps group meetings function smoother because it cuts down on ideas that are of no relevance. However, this only works as long as everyone in the group can come up with their own ideas. From a personal perspective, I can incorporate this concept with my father’s appliance repair business. I live in San Diego and he lives in Orange County, so it is really important that on the occasions when we can meet that we have prepared ideas first. This will make our decision making more efficient because we will already have a list of ideas to work from the moment we begin our discussion. Identify an idea from the reading that connected with other things you already knew. How can you connect it to your present job or life circumstances? Please use pages 273-275 from In Mixed Company and expand on m y responses Thank You. Brainstorming is something that I am already familiar with because I do it often in my daily life without realizing it. There are some days when I wake up and don’t know what to do, so I think of a few options and pick the one that appeals to me the most. Rothwell (2007) tells of nine different ways how brainstorming can function during a business meeting. After reading these few pages, I realize that already use many of these nine techniques when I’m brainstorming. Perhaps that one that I use the most is that our ideas stay focused on the topic. It is, however, still important to promote creativity, so I will make sure that these guidelines are followed when I’m working in my father’s appliance repair shop. Identify an Idea from the reading that something you already know or read about make much more sense; this would be an idea that created an â€Å"ah-hah† moment for you. How can you connect it to your present job or life circumstances? Please use page 273-275 from mixed company My â€Å"ah-hah† moment once again came during when I was reading the nine things to avoid or carry out while brainstorming in a meeting. This made me realize that many of my failed meetings in the past have been due to not following the nine techniques. Now that I understand how to brainstorm properly, I will make sure that I remain on track while still encouraging creative thoughts. I hope to apply these techniques not only in my work setting but also in my personal life because brainstorming is one of the basic things that we do in life. Based on the reading for this week, what is one thing you could do differently in your job tomorrow to improve your work performance? Identify specific behaviors you would perform. Please use page 278 in mixed company The one thing that I could do differently in my job tomorrow to improve my work performance is to expand the pie or use the bridging technique. In my father’s b usiness, we work in groups of three to sell appliances. Sometimes the groups are competitive and wish to only sell the best appliances at all times. The problem is that only one or two groups ever sell anything because they have the best appliances and leave the other groups with the poorer quality machines. One way to solve this would be to give an equal amount of each machine to each group so there would be no complaining. This way, it would be left up to the marketing techniques of each individual group to sell more products than the other groups. Discussion question for

Applicant essay for Registered Nursing Program Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applicant for Registered Nursing Program - Essay Example The single most important accomplishment in life is the decision to be a nurse. For the last ten years, I have never regretted being in healthcare field. It had been my dream and aspiration since I was a small child. Nursing is challenging, but every challenging experience makes me a better nurse. It gives me great joy and gratification when I assist an ailing person and be instrumental in restoring health. I believe this is what God wants us to do. To help the sick and get them back to their daily work so that they can continue building the society. Being a registered nurse would be a lifetime accomplishment and a dream come true. I believe that I have what it takes to be a registered nurse especially having practices as a registered nursing assistant for over ten years. I have excellent communication skills, which is a core requirement for effective communication with patients and medical professionals (Dossey, Keegan, and American Holistic Nurses Association 372). I have strong emotional intelligence and therefore demonstrate high degree of maturity when handling patients with various problems. Besides, I have gained technical expertise through experience with all kinds of patients with different clinical and psychological problems. I am naturally empathetic and kind thus very efficient in understanding and establishing connection with patients. I find it easy to build trust and confidence with patients. Although I find nursing fulfilling, it has many challenges, which requires a strong personality. I have made it through the ten years by being resilient at work. I can handle challenges of nursing profession and still able to handle family, personal and social obligations. I am cheerful and enthusiastic at my work since I do it with passion and not driven by money. I understand the nursing codes of ethics and therefore uphold high ethical and moral standards. Through experience and close collaboration with registered nurses, and doctors, I have

Reading Reflection In Mixed Company (Rothwell) Essay

Reading Reflection In Mixed Company (Rothwell) - Essay Example Rothwell (2007) says that every group member should first generate their own list and then for the group to come together so everyone’s ideas can be ranked in order of importance. This helps group meetings function smoother because it cuts down on ideas that are of no relevance. However, this only works as long as everyone in the group can come up with their own ideas. From a personal perspective, I can incorporate this concept with my father’s appliance repair business. I live in San Diego and he lives in Orange County, so it is really important that on the occasions when we can meet that we have prepared ideas first. This will make our decision making more efficient because we will already have a list of ideas to work from the moment we begin our discussion. Identify an idea from the reading that connected with other things you already knew. How can you connect it to your present job or life circumstances? Please use pages 273-275 from In Mixed Company and expand on m y responses Thank You. Brainstorming is something that I am already familiar with because I do it often in my daily life without realizing it. There are some days when I wake up and don’t know what to do, so I think of a few options and pick the one that appeals to me the most. Rothwell (2007) tells of nine different ways how brainstorming can function during a business meeting. After reading these few pages, I realize that already use many of these nine techniques when I’m brainstorming. Perhaps that one that I use the most is that our ideas stay focused on the topic. It is, however, still important to promote creativity, so I will make sure that these guidelines are followed when I’m working in my father’s appliance repair shop. Identify an Idea from the reading that something you already know or read about make much more sense; this would be an idea that created an â€Å"ah-hah† moment for you. How can you connect it to your present job or life circumstances? Please use page 273-275 from mixed company My â€Å"ah-hah† moment once again came during when I was reading the nine things to avoid or carry out while brainstorming in a meeting. This made me realize that many of my failed meetings in the past have been due to not following the nine techniques. Now that I understand how to brainstorm properly, I will make sure that I remain on track while still encouraging creative thoughts. I hope to apply these techniques not only in my work setting but also in my personal life because brainstorming is one of the basic things that we do in life. Based on the reading for this week, what is one thing you could do differently in your job tomorrow to improve your work performance? Identify specific behaviors you would perform. Please use page 278 in mixed company The one thing that I could do differently in my job tomorrow to improve my work performance is to expand the pie or use the bridging technique. In my father’s b usiness, we work in groups of three to sell appliances. Sometimes the groups are competitive and wish to only sell the best appliances at all times. The problem is that only one or two groups ever sell anything because they have the best appliances and leave the other groups with the poorer quality machines. One way to solve this would be to give an equal amount of each machine to each group so there would be no complaining. This way, it would be left up to the marketing techniques of each individual group to sell more products than the other groups. Discussion question for

Topic Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Topic Selection - Essay Example It came to the attention of the Vice President for Nursing that their Nurse Managers are torn between prioritizing functions which are administrative in nature vis-Ã  -vis functions that cater to the delivery of patient care. Due to the Nurse Managers’ theoretical orientation for health care, the administrative tasks such as completion of reportorial requirements, monitoring and upkeep of equipment and supplies, staff requirements and budgeting are frequently neglected or seconded with priorities being focused to patient care. In this regard, the VP for Nursing sought the assistance of the VP for Human Resources and the CEO to resolve this issue. Every nursing unit in the hospital is headed by a nurse manager who is assigned as the chief head nurse on duty. Her job responsibilities entail patient care as the primary task and managerial functions such as planning, directing, staffing and control. These multi-task functions coupled with low pay contributed to low morale and low productivity. These nurses opted to gain the minimum experience required to enable them to leave the country and work abroad. The leadership function assigned to nurse managers conflict with their functions as providers of patient care. They are expected to deliver timely reports on a daily, weekly and monthly basis. They monitor staffing requirements. They prepare the time sheets for payroll purposes. And most importantly, they are expected to know all the nursing intervention requirements for all the patients are their nursing units. There is this question on prioritization of function. As nurses, of course, they should prioritize patient care. But as managers, the function of attending to the human resource needs of the unit suffers. Reports are not completed on their specified time schedules. Upkeep of facilities in patients’ rooms and hospital areas are not regularly attended to. Equipments that need

motivation of the employee

motivation of the employee Chapter Two- Literature Review 2.1 Introduction At one time, employees were considered just another input into the production of goods and services. What perhaps changed this way of thinking about employees was the research, referred to as the Hawthorne studies, conducted by Elton Mayo from 1924 to 1932 (Dickson, 1973).This study found out that employees are not motivated solely by money but also their behaviour is linked to their attitudes (Dickson, 1973).The Hawthorne studies begun the human relations approach to management, whereby the needs and motivation of employees become the primary focus of managers (Bedein, 1993). Understanding employee motivation and its relationship with corporate culture and gender is the focus of this research. This chapter is divided into seven sections; section 2.1 introduces the main subjects of this dissertation and is followed by section 2.2 which discusses employee motivation in small medium companies. The next section which is section 2.3 looks at motivation and the various theories developed by researchers, then section 2.4 considers the role of the manager when it comes to employee motivation. The last two sections; section 2.5 examines corporate culture with section 2.6 on gender and how it is perceived. Finally a summary of the whole chapter is presented in section 2.7. This section will review the most relevant studies on employee motivation and in small medium companies. 2.2 Employee Motivation in Small Medium Companies Organizational scientists and practitioners have long been interested in employee motivation and commitment. This interest derives from the belief and evidence that there are benefits to having a motivated and committed workforce. The Hawthorne Studies A major revision of ‘needs theory came from the work undertaken in the United State of America in the 1920s and 1930s of the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company. This gave rise to a new school of management thinking, which suggested that employees have social needs which are as important as economic needs; these studies concluded that social relationships were significant in the satisfaction of the human need for social contact. The major contribution of this work in understanding employee motivation at work has been to focus attention on the design of jobs and tasks in an effort to make them attractive (Mullins, 2007). Employee motivation could be seen as the internal strength that drives employee performance. This strength enables employees to carry out their duties as expected of them having a particular aim in mind. And in most cases, where this strength is lacking, employees sometimes perform poorly. However, certain factors like job features, individual variation and organisational practices may influence employee motivation to work. It depends on good system that reward effectively, because it is critical as a motivated employee will achieve a great deal (Clark, 2009). According to McConnell (2002) companies have to consider the following steps in order to keep their employees in the organisation: ïÆ'Ëœ The employees perception of the work environment directly relates to the job performance. ïÆ'Ëœ What employees think of their jobs and their employer when the environment is positive ïÆ'Ëœ Improvement of the environment generally improves employee performance. McMackin (2006) states that large corporations have more money, name recognition and benefits to attract the best employees in comparison with small medium companies. Regardless of the positive aspects of larger corporations, many employees leave in order to work for small businesses, since they are able to have faster career advancement. According to Gaebler Ventures (2006) research show ten different motivational factors that are important for increasing motivation both for managers as well as employees; they include promotion potential, interesting work, personal loyalty, tactful discipline, appreciation for work done, good working conditions, help with personal problems, high wages, feeling of being in on things and job security. Gerson (2003) on the other hand states that employees in small organisations may leave for better salaries and benefits. The decision to leave can be affected by feelings of unappreciation, work condition, cultural conflicts, lack of convenience, lack of advancement and lack of support. According to Moses (2005) the basis for employee motivation is divided into two categories; anticipation of reward for work well done, and fear of discipline for mistakes or works done poorly. Motivation techniques at most companies falls into one of these two categories. The ideal for a small-business owner is to motivate employees in a positive way, since employees develop loyalty and personal commitment when they are encouraged to perform well in order to advance and receive recognition and financial benefits. The most negative aspect of this method is the fact that the less hard working employees will be fired or downgraded. The method also lacks teamwork, includes employee backbiting and has no long-term motivation. Wiley (1997) states that the relationship between people and work have fascinated scientists for many years, both psychologists and behavioural scientist, but in both field concepts such as need, motive, goal, incentive and attitude occur more frequently rather than concepts of aptitude, ability and skill. Scientist investigates how personal, task and environmental characteristics influence behaviour and job performance concerning motivation. Motivation does not remain the same over the years, it changes due to personal, social and other factors and it also affects the behaviour of a person rather than end performance. In order to create an environment that fosters employee motivation it is important to explore the attitudes that employees have towards factors that motivate them. When a company know what motivates its employees they are better prepared to stimulate them to perform well. In order to know what motivates employees, organisations must have regular communication and ask employees what sparks and sustains their desire to work (Herzberg, 2003). Most managers assume that their employees have the same motivational drivers as them, but managers must abandon this assumption and focus on the recognition of individual drivers. Findings from a forty year survey demonstrate that employees are motivated by receiving feedback and recognition and those individuals at different levels of the organisation might have different motivational values (Wiley, 1997). Managers have to understand what motivate their employees in order to receive high performance at the organisation. 2.3 Motivation Motivation is the creation of stimuli, incentives, and working environments which enable people to perform to the best of their ability in pursuit of organisational success. It is commonly viewed as the magic drives that enable managers to get others to achieve their targets. Since the dawn of the twentieth century, there has been a shift at least in theory. Many management theorists have provided insights into motivation (Strickler, 2006). Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs provides insights into personal behaviour patterns. Other influential research has been conducted by Frederick Herzberg, who looked at job satisfaction, Douglas McGregors X and Y theory, which suggest management styles that motivate and de-motivate employees etc. Underpinning Herzbergs theory was his attempt to bring more humanity and caring into the workplace. His theory was to explain how to manage people properly, and to motivate them for the good of all people at work. Many contemporary authors have come up with several definitions for the concept of motivation. Motivation has been defined as the psychological process that gives behaviour purpose and direction (Kreitner, 1995), an internal drives to satisfy an unfulfilled need (Higgins, 1994), and the will to achieve (Bedeian, 1993).For this dissertation, motivation is defined as the inner force that derive individual to accomplish personal and organisational goals (Mullins, 2007). Motivation can have an effect on the output of any company or organisation. Organisations and companies relies heavily on the efficiency of it production staff to make sure that products are manufactured in numbers that meet demand of customers. If these employees lack the motivation to produce and perform to the best of their ability and meet the demand of customers, then an organisation may face a problem which may lead to serious consequences. 2.3.1 Internal and External Motivation Motivation according to Kehr (2004) can be either internal or external, it can be viewed as push or pull determinants. Implicit motives are factors intrinsic to the activity and explicit motives arise from factors extrinsic to the activity. Intrinsic motivation is the key motivation component of employee empowerment and individuals are responsible for achieving their own career success. It is based on positively valued experiences that a person receives directly from their work tasks such as meaningfulness, competence, choice and progress. Bymes (2006) explain that external motivators depend on outside factors to push the individual to complete a task. Kehr (2004) adds that explicit motives are influenced by social demands and normative pressures. Extrinsic rewards are based on reward and punishments controlled by the organisation. Like Bymes (2006) individuals with external motivators are motivated by salary or wage packets. Internal on the other hand is associated with employees who want to be employed in a particular position by a firm whose organisational values and work requirements are closely linked with the individuals personal values and skills. Implicit and explicit motives relate to different aspects of the person, but both are important determinants of behaviour. According to Basset-Jones Lloyd (2005) motivators associated with intrinsic drivers outweigh motives linked to financial and inducement and observing others benefiting from recognition and extrinsic rewards. Like Locke Latham (2004) internal factors that drive motivation and external factors that act as inducements to action is the concept of motivation. Motivation can affect three aspects of work; direction, intensity and duration. Peoples skill, abilities and how and to what extent they utilise them are affected by motivation. According to Katz (2005) intrinsic factors are the main reason for a persons true commitment and motivation. Extrinsic factors like salary and working conditions are also important, but do not give the commitment and excitement that the employee needs. How a person views the assignment and how tasks, information, rewards and decision-making processes are organised are strongly linked to the personal activities. People become more motivated when they identify themselves within a group and contribute to performance as a group (Van Knippenberg, 2000).This relies on the work performed by Locke and the goal setting theory he developed. This goal is team performance and the individual feeling part of the group. The focus of Locke was on the goal but in order to reach the goal one must associate oneself with the group and task. Glen (2006) contend that the most important factor to rely on is feedback since it can help an employee improve his or her performance ; communication is also vital in the world today and can be beneficial to both the manager and employee . 2.3.2 Motivation Theories The traditional form of motivation stated that people could be driven by fear and therefore managers had to be tough. This approach made the employees do the bare minimum and only work while their manager was watching. Research on motivation and it impact on individuals and employees has been undertaken from the mid-twentieth century. Prominent among such researchers include; Maslow1954, Herzberg 1959, Adams 1962, Vroom 1964, Alderfer 1972, Locke 1981 and others. There is intense competition as a result of technological advancement, demographic changes, globalisation, which puts more pressure on organisations to deliver products and services with continuous improvement. The theories on motivation identify individual needs, their expectation and reaction to both internal as well as to the external environment. The various motivation theories are discussed below. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs A ground-breaking theory on the subject of motivation and needs of the human being was advanced by Abraham Maslow in 1954.He stated that there are some fundamental needs for the human being that can be arranged in a hierarchic way. He argued that individuals and for the purpose of this study, employees are motivated to satisfy a number of diverse needs. According to Maslow until the most vital needs are fulfilled, other needs have little effect on the employees behaviour. Once a need is satisfied, and therefore less essential, other needs emerge and become motivators of their behaviour (Porter et al, 2003). At the base of the hierarchy is the physiological needs; food, clothes etc.These are considered primary needs as employees concentrate on satisfying these needs before the others. Physiological needs according to Maslow are undeniably the most pressing of all needs. Once this need is fulfilled, the next level surfaces with the employee becoming anxious with the need for safety and security both at home and at the workplace. Likewise, once the safety need too is satisfied, the employee strives for a sense of membership or an affiliation and a feeling of approval by others. Once the employee finds his/her place in a group or team, the need and longing to be held in esteem, recognised and respect crops up. Maslow asserts that with all these needs satisfied, employees are then motivated by the desire to ‘self-actualise and accomplish whatever they identify as their utmost potential. (Ramlall, 2004) Herzbergs Two-Factor theory According to Herzberg an individuals relation and attitude towards work can determine success or failure. While Maslow looked at individual needs, Herzberg tried to find out how employees felt about their work and what really motivates them. In 1959 he created his two-factor theory by looking at the causes of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction in an effort to fully know what motivate people. He divided the needs into two categories; hygiene factors which relate to the needs that involve the framework of the task they performed and if these needs are not fulfilled there will be dissatisfaction on the part of employees. In essence if you want to motivate employees, concern should be given to the work itself (Ramlall, 2004). Herzbergs hygiene factors can be linked to Maslows hierarchy of needs and primarily the vital needs at the base of the hierarchy. The hygiene needs accommodate the need that arises from the physiological, safety and social or belongingness needs that do not make the employees satisfied in their job, but simply avoid dissatisfaction if fulfilled. In contrast motivator factors are those that allow for psychological growth and progress on the job. They are very much connected to the idea of self-actualisation regarding a challenge, to savour the satisfaction of achievement, and to be acknowledged as having done something meaningful (Basset- Jones and Lloyd, 2005). Herzberg further stated that certain characteristics are related to job satisfaction and others to job dissatisfaction. Intrinsic factors, such as achievement, advancement, recognition, responsibility are related to job satisfaction. Job dissatisfaction is a result of extrinsic factors; company policies, supervision, working condition etc. He assert that a job do not get satisfying by removing dissatisfying factors and therefore dissatisfaction is not the opposite of job satisfaction. In order to understand the employees motivation to work the attitudes of the particular employee has to be known (Herzberg, 2003). To Bassett-Jones Lloyd (2005) Herzberg was interested in the extremes where workers either felt good about work or bad, and this led to the development of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. The extrinsic factors are called hygiene or maintenance factors and are linked to job dissatisfaction. Intrinsic factors on the other hand lead to job satisfaction. The factors were labelled motivators to growth because they were associated with high level of job satisfaction. The two factors are of equal importance when explaining what motivates an employee. They explain Herzbergs suggestion of motivation as similar to ‘internal self-charging battery. For employees to become motivated the energy has to come from within. Herzberg however argues that motivation is based on growth needs; and is founded upon satisfaction born out of a sense of achievement, recognition for achievement, responsibility and personal growth. A review of Maslows and Herzbergs theory lead to further research and theories the first of which was developed in 1962 by Stacy Adams. Equity Theory This theory developed by Stacey Adams in 1962 suggests that since there is no absolute standard for fairness, and employees want to be treated fairly, they are likely to assess fairness by making comparison with others in similar situations. If they find out that they are not treated similarly they may lower their output, their quality of work or even leave the organisation for another where they are likely to be treated better. In essence it is not the real reward that motivate, but the perception of the reward in comparisons with others (Boxall and Purcell, 2007. While a simple theory, this theory according to Latham cannot cover every incident as some employees are far more receptive to perceptions of unfairness than others. It is therefore very important for managers to be conscious of what their employees perceive to be fair and just and also know that this will differ from one employee to the other (Latham, 2007). Vrooms Expectancy Theory Whereas Maslow and Herzberg looked at the connection between needs and the ensuing effort expanded to fulfil them, Vroom concentrated on effort, performance and outcomes. The fundamental concepts key to expectancy theory is that the anticipation of what will happen influences the employees choice of behaviour that is, expectations and valence. Vroom interpreted motivation as a process in which employees choose from a set of alternatives based upon the likely levels of expectation, and called the individuals perception of this instrumentality. Valence in his theory is the assessment of actual outcome of ones performance and together with instrumentality is very central in the expectancy theory (Ramlall, 2004; Mullins 2007). From this theorys viewpoint, an employee assigns a worth to an expectation, considers how much effort will be required, and works out the likelihood of success. If the perceived reward is sufficient for the effort required, the employee may make the effort. Expectancy in this theory is the prospect that they can carry out their duty in a way that leads to an optimistic result. For the employee the amount of effort he/she is eager to put in any performance of task is influenced by the expectation of the outcome of the effort (Mullins, 2007). If the employee works hard then he/she can expect a good work result hence a higher reward. High instrumentality for the employee comes from the notion that if he/she shows off good work result there will be adequate reward. Low instrumentality would then be that the employee feels that the result of the reward will not be independent on the particular work result. Vrooms VIE model is illustrated below. Writing in People Management Magazine, Lees (2008) believes that Vrooms theory give an insight into the research of employee motivation by shedding more lights on how individual goals sway individual performance. Vrooms expectancy theory has been criticised for attempting to envisage a choice or effort. However because no obvious pattern of the meaning of effort exist, the variable cannot be measured effectively. According to Latham (2007), the employee is assumed to deliberately weigh up the satisfaction or pain that he/she expects to attain or avoid and then a selection is made. The theory says nothing about intuitive motivation, something that Locke considered when he expanded Vrooms theory. Alderfers ERG Theory Unlike Maslows theory that refers to an individual who acts increasingly for his/her need satisfaction first, with the simplest one up to the most complex ones, Clayton Alderfers theory (1972) which extended Maslows theory asserts that this course of action is not essentially progressive. According to him, there are three significant categories of human needs: Existence (E) needs which ensures the sustainability and human endurance; food, Salary, shelter etc Relational needs (R) that is socialising need that refers to the relationship between an individual and the social setting and is satisfied by interpersonal relations. Fulfilling these needs depends on the association with others. Growth (G) needs which consists of a persons self respect through personal feature as well as the concept of self-actualisation present in Maslows hierarchy of needs.Alderfer believed that as you begin satisfying superior needs, they become powerful like the power you get, the more you want (Mullins 2007) . Although not fully tested, Ramlall (2004) and Strickler (2006) contend that the ERG theory seems to describe the dynamics of individual needs in an organisation rationally well and can help managers when it comes to motivating employees. To them it provides a less rigid account of employees needs than Maslows hierarchy. By and large, it comes closest to explaining why employees have certain needs at diverse times. Goal Setting Theory Edwin Locke extended Vrooms theory by developing his goal setting theory which takes into consideration the conscious motives that exist when organisations set goals to be met. According to Robbins (2003) Lockes goal setting theory states that specific and difficult goals lead to higher performance with the help of feedback. In addition to feedback, goal commitment, and adequate self -efficacy, task characteristics and national culture have been found to influence the goal performance relationship. Motivation comes from the goal an individual set up based on human needs, personal values, personality traits etc which are shaped through socialization and experience. The behaviour used to accomplish the goal depends on whether the goal is difficult or specific. The amount of effort an individual puts in reflects the level of satisfaction experienced which can lead to other actions (Porter et al, 2003). In order to reach the goals some conditions has to be present; such as feedback, goal commitment, ability etc. According to him, a goal is required in order to create motivation within the employees to perform better than before. He indicates that financial rewards can improve the sustainability of a persons dedication as well as behaviour. .Goal setting and management by objectives programs have grown in the past two decades and motivation has been organised in three categories; personality based view, cognitive decision and self regulation perspectives. The basic idea of Lockes goal setting theory is that employees goals are related to their motivation since their goals direct their thoughts and action. The cognitive decision predicts an individuals choices or decisions and finally the personality-based perspective emphasize personal characteristics as they affect goal choice and striving (Locke and Latham, 2004). The personality-based category does not predict motivation, but it can provide understanding of what motivates individuals. The above theories are part of the broad field of human motivation study and they all have implications for individuals different workplace behaviour. They can also be applied to a variety of management practices aimed at motivating employees. However these researches were carried out in Western Europe and in America decades ago. Can the findings of this research be applied in Ghana which is in a different setting? Will similar research in Ghana yield the same result? T o better understand employee motivation, it is important to know the role of managers who are facilitators of employee motivation. 2.4 Motivating Employees: The Role of the Manager Leadership literature states that motivation is influenced by the nature of the relationship between the leader and employees. Managers according Bymes (2006) needs to hire the right person that is most suitable for a certain job, value its employees and support them in making contributions to the organisations and always try to create a motivated workforce. Motivated employees do not only create a good working environment, they also make noteworthy contributions to the organisations. Good managers make their employees fell like business partners and use empowerment in order to make the workplace and the surrounding environment into a place where employees feel good as well as creating a work wherefrom employees feel good inside (Bassett-Jones Lloyd,2005). Motivation therefore is about cultivating your human capital. The human challenges lies not in the work itself, but in you, the person who creates and manage the work environment. As indicated by Garg Rastogi (2006) in todays competitive environment feedback is essential for organizations to give and receive from employees and the more knowledge the employee learn, the more he or she will be motivated to perform and meet the global challenges of the market place. By involving the employee at work and providing challenging tasks it might increase the intrinsic motivation which transforms potential into creative ideas and this will factor fair and constructive judgement of ideas and sharing of informations.Leaders have an important part in the organisation because they act as the force that motivates the performance of the employees (Katz,2005). Leaders are there to motivate people to follow the designed work and by doing so enhance performance. Although employees look to different elements of their organisation to satisfy different drivers, they expect their managers to do their best to address their needs and concerns. Organisations has to recognize the resources, both human and technological that are available within the organisation and conduct training programs that will contribute to the productivity and the levels of motivation at individual or group levels. Motivating employees begins that to do their best work, people must be in an environment that meet their most basic emotional drives to bond and understand. The drive to bond is best met by a culture that promotes collaboration and openness (Nohira et al, 2008). Motivating employees is vital if employers are to achieve maximum performance and productivity. Contemporary theories on motivation centres more specifically on the relation of beliefs, values, goals with action. Motivation in contrast functions as an engine for inner human growth by providing attractive and demanding task. Motivation theories developed in the western world with their orientation on self-satisfaction and instrumentalism have mainly emphasized on rewarding those individuals who succeed. These theories did not take into consideration the terrain in Africa and also individuals who are highly motivated but incapable of accomplishing. This has produced in some part of Africa and also in Ghana situations where managers are not able to answer the needs of every employee. Studies indicate that employees in the western world draw their motivation from self satisfaction but the same cannot be said of their counterparts in Africa and most especially in Ghana. What do they derive their motivation from? Does the companys corporate culture have any bearing on how they are motivated? Is there a relationship between the companys corporate culture and motivation? The next section will look at motivation and corporate culture. 2.5 Motivation and Corporate culture Corporate culture draws its roots from various sources. This include national and regional cultures, (Hofstede, 1991) the vision and management style (Schein, 1985) and the nature of the business and the environment it operates in and the organisational field where it operates (Gordon, 1991). For this study the relevant cultural roots comes from Ghana. Individuals, especially qualified ones, have more choices with regards to potential jobs offers. How companies motivate place a vital role in attracting employee and competing well todays competitive market. To create a culture that fosters individual motivation is not easy because it takes time to figure out the factors that motivate each employee. It is even more important nowadays as more individuals draw their interest from other things beside money. To understand the importance of corporate culture in this dissertation it is important to first define what culture is. Schein (2004) defines culture as consisting of rules, procedures and processes that govern how things are done, as well as the philosophy that guides the attitudes of senior management towards staff and customers. Referring in his work to the people of a nation Hofstede also defines culture as ‘the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes one group or category of people from another. This endorses the issue that corporate culture is a unique aspect of an organisation, even though it is difficult to manage. According to Schein an organisations culture develops to help cope with its environment. He characterizes culture as consisting of three levels: ïÆ'Ëœ Artefacts which are the most observable level of culture yet are hard to understand. ïÆ'Ëœ Espoused Values; which underlie and to a large extent determine behaviour, but they are not directly observable as behaviours are. There may be a difference between stated and operating values. People will attribute their behaviour to stated value. ïÆ'Ëœ Basic assumptions and Values: the core or essence of culture is represented by the basic underlying assumptions and values, which are difficult to discern because they exist at a largely unconscious level. Yet they provide the key to understand why things happen the way they do. 2.5.1 National culture National culture milieu influences the outlook of an organisations stakeholders. Hofstede proved this with work on IMB employees in 43 countries and how attitude to work and behaviour of employees towards authority differ from one location to the other. In his study he identified five dimensions of culture and demonstrated that there are national and regional cultural groupings that affect the behaviour and activities of organisations. The first dimension is power distance and refers to the degree to which people accept inequality amongst institutions and organisations. The second dimension, uncertainty avoidance measures the degree to which people are willing to accept change and work in uncertain circumstances. Therefore the higher the degree of uncertainty avoidance the more structured people likes things to be (Steers et al, 1993). Individualism which is the third dimension refers to the degree to which people see themselves as being part of a group or as individuals. His fourth culture dimension, masculinity versus femininity refers to the conventional values placed on male such as assertive

Critical Discourse Analysis Essay -- Social Discourse

Critical Discourse Analysis Jan blommaert and Chris Bulcaen makes a brief introduction to the study of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). CDA intends to use social-theoretical method in discourse analysis and is primarily linguistically based (Blommaet & Bulcaen, 2000, p.447). It intends to analyze the structural relationships of dominance, discrimination, power and control through a textual study (Blommaet & Bulcaen, 2000, p.448). Based on the assumption that social discourse is constructed and socially conditioned, CDA explores the power dynamics in this process. According to Fairclough, CDA analysis can be divided into three-dimensions: first, discours-as-text which analyzes the textual linguistic elements as concrete instances of discourse; second, discourse-as-discursive-practice, especially focusing on discourse processes like speech act, coherence and intertexuality; third, discourse-as-social-practice which examines the effects and the hegemonic process in the discourse (Blommaet & Bulcaen, 2000, p.448-9). While both the second and the third dimension consider the arrangement of text elements or quotes as intertexuality, the second dimension makes the interaction between text and context visible and the third dimension makes the discursive power dynamic visible as well. Moreover, they point out that CDA aims to undertake a social responsibility to correct particular discourses for â€Å"change, empowerment, and practice-orientedness† (Blommaet & Bulcaen, 2000, p.449). Because of this, CDA pay large attention to social topics and works on two main directions: power and ideology, and change of the structuralist determinism (Blommaet & Bulcaen, 2000, p.452). Although it ambitiously put such great emphasis on social phenomena o... ...te in the 1960s which reflected two opposite public opinions on Television and radio respectively. More current example could be the different experience of a same news text people read on a mainstream newspaper and on a facebook sharing page. As Blommaert and Bulcaen suggest the incorporation of linguistic and nonlinguistic dimensions, this could be taken into consideration in further studies. Reference: Blommaert, J., & Bulcaen, C. (2000). Critical discourse analysis. Annual Review of Anthropology,29, 447-66. Schroder, K.C. (2007). Media discourse analysis: researching cultural meaning from inception to reception. Texual Cultures: Texts, Contexts, Interpretation 2, 2, 77-99. Steensland, B. (2008). Why do policy frames change? actor-idea coevolution in debates on welfare reform. Social Forces, 86(3), 1027-54.

1996: A Turbulent Year For Israel :: essays research papers

1996: A Turbulent Year for Israel 1996 has been a very turbulent year for Israel. This lies in the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin on November 4, 1995. Rabin's great work in the peace process with it's Arab neighbors has been nearly reversed by Israel's newly elected Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, who actively opposed the peace process in the election. Netanyahu's term of service has not only affected Israel politically but also socially, intellectually, religiously, and economically. In dealing with Yasser Arafat and the Palestinians Netanyahu was originally quoted saying that he would only meet with Arafat under special circumstances and that, "the era of one-sided giving was over." Warren Christopher, Secretary of State for the U.S., was able to arrange a peace conference with Arafat on the Gaza border. One article called it a , "Psychological breakthrough" (Netanyahu meets with Clinton). The issues at hand were Israel fulfilling it's pledge to the Palestinians to redeploy it's troops stationed in the West Bank town of Hebron so that they will only guard the 440 Jews who live there, from the tens of thousands of Palestinians. Also at issue were the exit permits given to Palestinians allowing them to go from there jobs in Israel to there homes in Gaza and the and the West Bank. That leads to another issue over whether or not a rail link between Gaza and the West Bank should be formed. The major problem with that would be the cost. In the next round of Israeli-PLO peace talks, both sides could not reach a compromise and after four hours talks failed. To complicate matters further 3,000 houses were approved to be built in the West Bank by the Israeli government. "Peace Now spokesman", Alon Arnon, called the housing, "A final burial of the hope of peace." (West Bank Settlement Approved) Netanyahu also ended the month by opening a tunnel to Muslim and Jewish Holy sites that resulted in bloody riots that killed 76 people. The month of October cooled down a bit with an ice breaking summit in Washington. Netanyahu returned with a change in attitude calling Arafat a person whom he could resolve problems with. But aside from his change in demeanor no substantial agreements were made. In November Israel went on high alert in fear of an attack planned to disrupt the peace process, possibly on the one year anniversary of the Jihad's leader Fathi Shakaki. Again the peace effort was thrown back when the Israeli government announced plans to double the number of Jewish settlers in the West Bank. At one point Netanyahu asked the U. 1996: A Turbulent Year For Israel :: essays research papers 1996: A Turbulent Year for Israel 1996 has been a very turbulent year for Israel. This lies in the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin on November 4, 1995. Rabin's great work in the peace process with it's Arab neighbors has been nearly reversed by Israel's newly elected Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, who actively opposed the peace process in the election. Netanyahu's term of service has not only affected Israel politically but also socially, intellectually, religiously, and economically. In dealing with Yasser Arafat and the Palestinians Netanyahu was originally quoted saying that he would only meet with Arafat under special circumstances and that, "the era of one-sided giving was over." Warren Christopher, Secretary of State for the U.S., was able to arrange a peace conference with Arafat on the Gaza border. One article called it a , "Psychological breakthrough" (Netanyahu meets with Clinton). The issues at hand were Israel fulfilling it's pledge to the Palestinians to redeploy it's troops stationed in the West Bank town of Hebron so that they will only guard the 440 Jews who live there, from the tens of thousands of Palestinians. Also at issue were the exit permits given to Palestinians allowing them to go from there jobs in Israel to there homes in Gaza and the and the West Bank. That leads to another issue over whether or not a rail link between Gaza and the West Bank should be formed. The major problem with that would be the cost. In the next round of Israeli-PLO peace talks, both sides could not reach a compromise and after four hours talks failed. To complicate matters further 3,000 houses were approved to be built in the West Bank by the Israeli government. "Peace Now spokesman", Alon Arnon, called the housing, "A final burial of the hope of peace." (West Bank Settlement Approved) Netanyahu also ended the month by opening a tunnel to Muslim and Jewish Holy sites that resulted in bloody riots that killed 76 people. The month of October cooled down a bit with an ice breaking summit in Washington. Netanyahu returned with a change in attitude calling Arafat a person whom he could resolve problems with. But aside from his change in demeanor no substantial agreements were made. In November Israel went on high alert in fear of an attack planned to disrupt the peace process, possibly on the one year anniversary of the Jihad's leader Fathi Shakaki. Again the peace effort was thrown back when the Israeli government announced plans to double the number of Jewish settlers in the West Bank. At one point Netanyahu asked the U.

Argument Analysis Essay

Arguments are an integral part of human society, and structuring these arguments properly is important to emphasize a point. In the documentary I Can Change Your Mind About Climate, many legitimate and illegitimate arguments are put forward to the viewer. Some of these arguments are structurally wrong, and in some of them the premises are not relevant to the conclusion. The purpose of the documentary was for the two main protagonists, Anna Rose and Nick Minchin to try and change each others minds about climate change. The documentary follows Anna and Nick around as they bring each other to people that they think will change the other persons mind, or help to. The first argument I will be analyzing will be an argument from Marc Morano, a notorious climate denier and blogger who runs the website climatedepot. com. His argument, as put into standard form, is as follows: P1: The sea level is dropping, P2: The population of polar bears is rising, P3: Global temperatures are decreasing, C: Therefor climate change is not happening. While at first glance this argument looks like a solid deductive argument, the premises are lacking. The lack of actual numbers, along with the debatable follow on to the conclusion, make this argument worth looking further into. The structure of this argument is a deductive empirical argument. The structure is sound and valid, being a deductive argument, where the premises entail the conclusion. As a deductive argument, the premises must not only support the conclusion, they must directly lead on to the conclusion. Mr.  Morano has appeared to have done this, however we must first look further into the premises and the structure to determine weather the argument is conclusive or not. Premise one states ‘The sea level is dropping’. Mr. Morano has given no evidence to support this premise, losing conclusivity. This is much the same for the other premises, no supporting evidence is shown, and so the truth of the premises is always in question. Morano had put these forward as empirical pieces of evidence, but empirical implies that they must be 100 percent, universally accepted to be true facts. As such, Mr. Morano has put forward a very inconclusive argument, which would not hold up well in an argument. No evidence was shown in the documentary to support these premises, and it is clear that Morano is bending the facts a little, considering the overwhelming evidence shown to us by Anna Rose about temperature increases, sea level rises and increased carbon in our atmosphere. Anna seems to be aware of this, and refutes him afterward, in the argument which we will now look at. Anna Rose is a young climate change activist who was appearing in the program alongside Nick Minchin. Her argument is against Mr. Morano’s credibility, and in standard form is as follows: P1: If I engage in a debate with you, then you will make facts up. P2: You will make facts up. C: Therefor I will not engage in a debate with you. This is a clear example of a modus ponens deductive argument. I have added premise 2 as an implicit premise to show the flow of logic. This deductive modus ponens argument is valid, it has a valid form and the principle of charitable interpretation has not been applied. Premise 1 is an assumption. Anna is assuming that because Morano is known for making things up, he will make facts up to support his argument if she engages in a debate with him. No evidence is shown in the documentary of Morano making facts up, however after a small amount of research I have found that Morano is indeed not very credible – he received just a 1 out of 5 star credibility rating at an online site. This leads me to believe that Anna is correct in thinking that he will make facts up to refute real arguments put forward by climate change activists. This argument is sound and is very effective in the documentary, it shows the viewer that they can not trust the credibility of Mr. Morano, and therefor to mot listen to his arguments. TO be fair, the analysis of arguments is a very thought provoking and interesting topic. While Mark. Morano has in the past made good arguments against climate chage, Anna Rose definantly has a better grasp of the ideas of argumentative science.