The Pros And Cons Of Shale Gas Environmental Sciences Essay

The Pros And Cons Of Shale Gas Environmental Sciences EssayShale hit man development has signifi deposet invalidating and affirmatory environmental impact. Negative environmental impact is due to the process of shale heavy weapon development and positive impact is through a substitution of clean ingrained shove along to other energy sources. This theme is organised in three parts. In the first part, shale catalyst development and potential of shale heavy weapon is described. In the second part, environmental challenges in the development of shale fellate argon described. In the third part, environmental benefits as a result of shale sport are discussed.Shale Gas and its potentialShale squander is subjective botch up. It is stored in original rich rocks such as dark-coloured shale, inter bedded with layers of shaley siltstone and sandstone 1. Shale is a fine-grained rock made up of ancient compacted clays or mud and can be the source, reservoir and the seal for the swa gger. Shale gas plays are class as a continuous type gas accumulations extending throughout large areas, typically with low permeableness 1. Shale gas is considered as unconventional gas source and same techniques used for conventional shallow gas development may also be used with shale gas drilling 1.Shale gas is extracted through a process k like a shotn as hydraulic fracturing which was developed in the unify States in 1948 3. Hydraulic fracturing involves injecting a mixture of urine, sand and chemicals into rock formations to stimulate oil and natural gas production shown in the omen 1. estimate1 Shale gas extraction process 2Hydraulic Fracturing creates fractures that extend from a borehole into shale formations. Hydraulic fracture is formed by pumping a fracturing roving into the well bore at a rate sufficient to increase the imperativeness down the bore hole fracturing the surrounding shale rock formation 3. Solid proppant (like sieved round sand) is added to the frac ture fluid to keep the fracture open after the injection stops.Shale gas potentialShale gas fields were more than often than not untapped until recently due to the difficulty and cost to extract the gas. As conventional natural gas production has been decreasing, demand for the unconventional natural gas is more than ever now. This fact coupled with improvements in extraction methods has made it realistic to explore the shale gas militia.Recoverable shale gas reserves increases total gas availability of the world by 40 share per the report by Energy Information judicatory (EIA) of USA. A sore EIA-sponsored study reported initial assessments of 5,760 meg cubic feet of technically recoverable shale gas imagings in 32 foreign countries 6, with china topping the list with 1275 trillion cubic feet of shale gas reserves followed by USA with 862 trillion cubic feet Appendix 1.In 2010, U.S. shale gas production was 4.87 trillion cubic feet (23 percent of total U.S. natural gas pro duction), compared with 0.39 trillion cubic feet in 2000. IEA predicts that shale gas will account for virtually 46 percent of U.S. natural gas production by 20356. Rising production from shale gas resources in the U.S. has been credited with both lower natural gas prices and declining dependence on imported natural gas 6. In just near of the developing countries, shale gas development has not started yet. Energy hungry countries like India and china can greatly benefit from their recoverable shale gas resource as recent oil prices cut down shows that oil is no longer a cheap commodity. At the topical level of consumption, world may cede 250 years supply of natural gas as result of new shale gas reserves around the world as per International Energy Agency (IEA) 7. Shale gas is a huge mess hall per Shells CEO Peter Voser. BPs ex CEO Tony Hayward hailed shale gas as complete game modifier gene 8. These comments from the prominent energy experts show the importance of shale gas as future potential energy source.Figure 3 Estimated global shale gas recoverable resourcesAs is often the case with any resource development, shale gas production also has raised local environmental concerns, largely centering on the amount of water used in the fracturing process and the need to handle, recycle, and treat fracturing fluids in a manner that addresses the risk of spills that can potentially affect water quality.Do other countries move over similar opportunities to develop shale gas? To induce to address that question, EIA sponsored Advanced Resources International, Inc., to assess 48 gas shale basins in 32 countries, containing almost 70 shale gas formations. This effort has culminated in the report World Shale Gas Resources An Initial Assessment of 14 Regions Outside the United States.Technically recoverable natural gas resources in the assessed basins totaled 5,760 Tcf. Adding the estimated U.S. shale gas technically recoverable resources (862 Tcf) to the assess ments in the study gives a total of 6,622 Tcf. For comparison, most current estimates of world technically recoverable natural gas resources include few if any of the resources assessed in this study and total about 16,000 Tcf.Adding identified shale gas resources to current estimates of other gas resources increases total world technically recoverable resources by over 40 percent, to more than 22,000 trillion cubic feet, said EIA Administrator Richard Newell.Estimates of shale gas resources in other parts of the world are highly uncertain. The practicality of using such resources has only recently become apparent, and many countries are just now beginning to understand how to conduct assessments of how much shale gas they may have. Nonetheless, the aggregate estimate is probably rather conservative, since the study excluded several major types of potential shale gas resourcesNations outside the 32 countries studied. These include Russia and the Middle East, which have very large r esources of conventional gas.Some shale basins in the countries studied. In many cases, no estimates are possible yet for these basins.Offshore resources.Of the countries covered in the EIA-sponsored study, two groups may find shale gas development most attractive. The first is those countries that currently depend heavily on natural gas imports but that also have significant shale gas resources. These include France, Poland, Turkey, Ukraine, South Africa, Morocco, and Chile. The second group is those countries that already produce substantial amounts of natural gas and also have large shale resources. In addition to the United States, this group includes Canada, Mexico, China, Australia, Libya, Algeria, Argentina, and Brazil.A new EIA-sponsored study reported initial assessments of 5,760 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of technically recoverable shale gas resources in 32 foreign countries, compared with 862 Tcf in the United States. Technically recoverable natural gas resources in the as sessed basins totaled 5,760 Tcf. Adding the estimated U.S. shale gas technically recoverable resources (862 Tcf) to the assessments in the study gives a total of 6,622 Tcf. For comparison, most current estimates of world technically recoverable natural gas resources include few if any of the resources assessed in this study and total about 16,000 Tcf. Adding identified shale gas resources to current estimates of other gas resources increases total world technically recoverable resources by over 40 percent, to more than 22,000 trillion cubic feet.In terms of recoverable shale gas resources, China takes the top spot, with an estimated 1,275 Tcf. The US is second, with 862 Tcf, followed by Argentina with 774 Tcf and Mexico with 681 Tcf.The growing importance of US shale gas resources is also reflected in EIAs Annual Energy Outlook 2011 (AEO2011) energy projections, with technically recoverable US shale gas resources now estimated at 862 trillion cubic feet. Given a total natural gas re source base of 2,543 trillion cubic feet in the AEO2011 Reference case, shale gas resources constitute 34% of the domestic natural gas resource base represented in the AEO2011 projections and 50% of lower 48 onshore resources. As a result, shale gas is the largest contributor to the projected growth in production, and by 2035 shale gas production accounts for 46% of US natural gas production.

Internal and external influences on business opportunities

indispensable and external influences on championship opportunitiesBusiness is wish well the agate line that flows through our bodies, with out line of reasoning our lives would be almost impossible. Business plays many contrastive roles in our normal lives. Most people either own or work for a particular line of credit sector. Businesses work out it possible for the community and even further places such(prenominal) as overseas countries to receive and sell goods and work. A stemma fecal matter be any function that provides goods and services to the community such as corner shops providing customers with goods and sweets and they can similarly be larger companies such as Nike selling shoes and clothing all told over the world. Businesses go away for our economy to grow and become stronger, with out a strong economy a hoidenish can non run as smoothly as preferred. One of the main reasons why tunees be so main(prenominal) in our e preciseday life is due to the position that taskes provide millions and millions of people with job opportunities. If businesses did non exist people will not be able to work and earn money for effortless living. There ar certain circumstanceors that can influence a business. These factors include internal and external influences.Internal influences are influences that a business has some control over, such influences include product, location, management, resource management and business coating.Product influencesThese influences affect a large majority of the internal structures and operations of a business.Depending on the types of goods and services the business unveils will depend on the internal structure.If the goods organism produced require certain equipment, these needs must(prenominal) be catered to so that the business whitethorn go on with its production.Each type of business has a different set of product influence, for representative a service provider will require less(prenominal) prep aration, whilst on the other hand a manufacturer will need more services to produce the goods sold.The size of a business can be determined by the different types of goods and services produced and also the availability of technology. So from this we beneathstand that the amount of goods and services produced by a business depends on the size of the business.Poor productivity can be seen in the article Anger at Vodafone Sydney morning herald, this impacts on the business because Vodafone is providing very unequal services to their customers, in that locationfore tempting the customers to switch to another network, taking business away from Vodafone.Location influencesOne of the most important factors of a business is the location in which that business is positioned in. The location can either practise or break the business.Location is especially important for sell and service oriented businesses, as they need to be seen and recognized by customers. The business owner must t ake into consideration of where he/she chooses to locate their businessThe business must be in state with a good image, for eg not a poor suburb, they business must be set in a place were customers are consistently walking past and spotting the shop, for eg in the city.Another important thing is that the business must be convenient towards the customers, so that they may take the time and crusade to check the place out, if the business is located in a eye socket which is not convenient the customers may loose interest and go somewhere else.Resource influences-Basically there are 4 main types of resources open to a business, these includeHuman resourcesInformation ResourcesPhysical resources pecuniary resourcesHuman resources may be considered as the most important resource, for they are the employees that allow for the business to run. Information resources are all the actions in which the business takes to research and learn more about their situation for eg gross revenue repo rts. Physical resources include all the equipment and tools infallible for running the business. Financial resources are basically what the business depends on to buy and help support their business, for example to buy unexampled machines.Management influencesThere is no doubt that over time businesses and the way in which businesses are run have dramatically changed. Management has been a part of business that has been changed in an impressive way. In the past there were many levels of management and hierarchy in a business that new ideas and issues had to go through, but now due to many factors such as the pres true of hawkishness from globalisation the way in which businesses are run have been altered. These days there are much fewer levels that new ideas and issues have to go through, this will result in fast and more efficient decisions that in the long run will allow the business to focus on the way it runs. This allows businesses to adapt quicker and more efficiently to the ever changing needs and indispensabilitys of consumers because there are fewer managers in which the surgical process of decision devising must go through.Business cultureIn reality every business has its own type of business culture, these are all the values, beliefs and ideas that are agreed upon by all employees and managers of the business. The culture of a business is shown in the way in which the business acts and performs. Business culture is usually shown in the rules and regulations of a business such as the way staff are expected to dress and behave. companionableisation has been proven to be a necessary tool that must be used by businesses to discover the best out of its staff members and customers. Business culture is proven to be important in the image Australias food pit west farmers vs. Woolworths. Coles have changed their business culture by undergoing management change, which has allowed for a different culture to be applied, and this has proven to be s uccessful as they are now basically onward of Woolworths.Internal influences have an extraordinary impact on business in Australia. They include every thing from were the business is located to how the business is run. The location of a business basically is essential for the success of the business, depending on were it is located, it must be convenient and visible to customers. If it is not located in a convenient area customers may not be able to get to the business and purchase from it. The management of a business is the way in which the business is run, in order to have a successful business it must be under good management and the necessary actions must be taken when they are called for, for eg if employees are needed to be cut off, due to lack of financial sustainability. So basically it is essential for businesses to be affected by internal influences in a positive way.External influencesExternal influences are factors that a business may have little or no control over, su ch factors include Economic, financial, geographical, social, legal, political, institutional, technological, warlike situation and merchandises influences.Economical influencesIn Australia and the rest of the world, the economy experiences economic cycles. These cycles include crushs and busts ( quoin). Basically during an economic boom the economy experiences higher levels of employment, they may be so confident in their sales that they may emergence the price of items to gain higher sugars. Also during booms wages of employees tend to increase as more hit is being made by the business. However the economic cycle does have its down side, such as when the economy is experiencing a recession period. An unfortunate reality of recessions is that employment rates decrease due to the fact that the business is not making enough sale profits to halt their employees. Another effect of recession is that business may not be able to raise the price of their products because people are not purchasing so they may have to even lower prices to continue to compete in the market. The influences of stinting factors are shown in the article Petrol prices soar and no relief in site. Due to the poor economical status prices are raised and customers may not be able to purchase natural gas at this price. Another ecomical influence can be seen in the radio article impact of floods on grocery prices 2GB, Sydney, this impacts on the business because all the crops are being destroyed making it impossible to make a profit, with farmers not making profits the economy will suffer and be under pressure.Financial influencesFinancial influences impact a business in several slipway. due to deregulation which is basically the elimination of governing body regulation in an business, Businesses are now able to improve conflict with each other. level off better, now due to globalisation, Australia is now able to concern goods overseas, further more upward(a) the financial sustainab ility of the country.geographic influencesGeographical influences impact businesses in many ways. Australia is located in the Asia-pacific region, the economical statuss in these surrounding countries are very important in the interest of Australia. Basically if china is doing well, it may be able to trade goods and services with Australia creating an advantage for both countries. Another thing is that a lot of Australian companies are located in the Asia-Pacific region, so the countries must be economically doing well for the Australian companies to survive. Also the demography of the country has a significant influence on businesses, for eg Australia must be run to suit people of all different cultures, ages and sexes. One major demographic impact on Australia is the ageing population, with an ageing population there must be centres and facilities created for elders. Also with people retiring, their jobs will need to be completed by young people, who may not be as experienced as the retired worker. Globalisation is also an important fact of geographical issues, due to globalisation Australia is not tied down just to trade goods and services end-to-end Australia, but how ever to do so around the entire world. The impact of globalisation can be seen in the video picking up an Aussie apple, we see that Australia is beginning to import overseas apples to Australia. hearty influencesSocial influences have an sever impact on the success of a business. For eg as time goes on peoples savour in fashion and trends will change. If businesses do not adapt to these changes they may be affected in a very negative way. In order for a business to make a profit they must take into consideration all the new fashions and trends going around. One other major social influence is the influence of of our environment which is basically wearing away day by day, businesses must incessantly consider what is in the best interest of the environment, for eg not giving out plastic bag s after a sale. One final issue is the issue of family-work practices, as women give birth they must leave work, and this may result in the business losing an employee, affecting in the production of the business. An example of social influences can be seen in the article Petrol price soars and no relief in site, With the rise of petrol, the people in society may decide that instead of exploitation cars, they can probably save money by using public transport or riding a bike to work.Legal influencesBusinesses can not just do as they please. There are many legal actions that influence businesses and basically see them what they can or cant do. With more and more laws being passed onto businesses, the business must adapt their community to what the law is telling them to do. Generally the people of a society expect that businesses may run under the rules and guidelines provided by the law. Businesses must be aware of all the laws so that they may not breach them and dedicate the p enalties.Political influencesEven though political influences may not be the most affective factors onto a business, they still have a pretty heavy impact. For eg whenever a new election Is held, the new government may introduce new policies. A policy that was introduced in 2000 was the goods and services tax, this was a 10 percentage tax on the supply of most goods and services used in Australia, this affected businesses in a way that they had to collect taxes basically on behalf of the government. However deregulation has also been introduced in the picture in the past few decades, this is the removal of government regulation in industry, and this takes pressure off businesses and allows for a greater range of competitiveness.Institutional influencesThree institutional influences on business are government, regulatory bodies and trade unions and employer associations. administrationThree levels which are federal, state and local.Federal government jackpots mainly with issues suc h as tax, making sure that the taxes are being paid and also things such as how the businesses are running in consort to the customs regulations.State governments deal with lower case issues such as workers rights and responsibilities such as OHS requirements and making sure businesses are abiding by the state laws and trade practicesLocal government deals with issues such the hold back of building and making sure of improvements, parking rules and fire regulationsRegulatory bodiesThese bodies observe and understand the way that businesses deal with certain issues and how the business treats its community and consumers. Examples of regulatory bodies include the Office of fair trading and the Australian opposition and consumer commission. (ACCC)Other institutional influences are Trade unions and Australian stock exchanges, these groups have aims such as improving working conditions and pay rates.Technological influencesTechnology without a doubt has had probably one of the most af fects on businesses. With new technologies being invented and discovered every day this can only help improve productivity and efficiency for businesses. Technology has allowed for robotic machinery to be used in productivity which in the long run cheapens the address of productivity as no employee or has to be paid. Robots also help to reduce the amount of ho-hum and repetitive jobs that some humans may have to do. Also communication technology has been improving chop-chop over the past few years making it even easier to communicate with suppliers and consumers, with out them actually being there. Businesses must strive to use the available technology to the best of their ability so that they may keep up or even be ahead of competitors.Competitive situation influencesThese influences may be very helpful and useful to both consumers and producers, for eg when two businesses are competing to be the market leader, they will lower cost of their stock to attract customers. As a resul t they will be making more sales and more importantly a profit. These competitive situations also benefit consumers because with competition in a market there will be a greater range of goods available for consumption, this allows the consumer to get a wider course of choice when considering the good or service they want. Competitive situations are shown in the video Australias food fight west farmers VS Woolworths as these companies are competing with each other to get the most customer satisfaction, It also talk of how the affects of globalisation such as Aldi here in Australia also competing amongst the big guns.Another example of competitive situation is shown in the article Anger at Vodafone, with Vodafone giving such poor services, customers will want to change to another network providing greater coverage.External influences have a major impact on our every day lives in Australia, with all the different types of factors such as social and technological influences our lives are affected on a day to day basis. If external influences did not exist we would not be living in a society were goods and services from all around the world are affable to us for our own usage. External influences can be both positive and /or negative for example, competitiveness in the market allows for a variety of options for consumers to choose from but contrasting the effects of external factors such as geographical issues involving the weather can have a negative affect, for eg flooding in farms or drought seasons.ConclusionAs mentioned in the executive summary above, business can be compared to the blood in a living organism, it is essential for our everyday survival and living. Business allows us to live the pleasures and entertain lives that we live each day. Internal influences summed up can be recognized as influences that a business can control whilst external influences are those factors that the business can not control. Internal influences for eg can be explained a s factors that a business can use and apply to help determine the success of their business, such as the location in which they choose to place their business. External can be explained by using the example of a economic recession, this can affect the business in many negative ways such as letting employers go. So summed up we can say that business is essential for everyday living and it can be broken down into two different types, Internal and external, and it can be concluded that they basically determine how the business is run and how successful it will be.The end L

The Importance Of Communication English Language Essay

The Importance Of converse English Language Essay in spite of appearance this essay I will explore the methods and importance of confabulation when on the job(p)s as a childhood practitioner. communion is commonly defined as the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or in digitation by speech, writing, or signs This is a process by which meaning is assigned and conv nitty-grittyd in an onrush to create a shargond hearing. This process involves a huge repertory of intra singleal and intersome systemal skills including listening, speaking, questioning, observing, analysing, and evaluating. The importance of intercourse within a team is oblivious demonstrated in this analogy by Wideman (2000) confabulation is comparcap fitting rail room locomotive oil it ineluctably to be applied to the machinery or the machinery will non start or, if it does, it will officiously falter and grind to a halt. And the oil, like intercourse, take to be continuously recycled and regularly replaced with new oil as the old becomes no longer usable. But what of the quality of the oil? as well as little or in any case thin and it is non potent too thick or too much and everything that gets gummed up. (Wideman, 2000). stiff converse is crucial for a team to be successful. The team inescapably to pip known regularly with one an opposite because through visit cooperation and quislingism occur. Collaboration with one a nonher is incumbent in the liveplace because it befriends to influence problems, help begin got standards of practice and create a undecomposed reverberance with all in all involved. Ebbeck and Waniganayake (2003, p.195) state sh ard decision making is one surreptitious of successful management. In ordering for this to be achieved colloquy is essential and inevitable in the workplace. Great intercourse skills are an absolute must it is A vital part of any centres functioning is the communication that occurs among staff (Ebbeck and Waniganayake,2003 p.197). A lack of teamwork and communication crapper lead to a stressful working environment and a poor quality service.In a new presentation of mine I demonstrated through a communication exercise the importance of communication and how communication is not just communicative in nature. The exercise required all team members to communicate clear in the communication method appropriate. The team had limitations that prevented them from communication in the easiest form this forced them to develop a way of overcoming these barriers, communicating in a divergent fashion whilst in addition working as a team. They had two attempts to complete the problem assigned to them. The first attempt went very disadvantageously as they found it very difficult to communicate with the barriers in place. even so after a small group discussion they were able to ponder a way to accomplish the job. This simple exercise is a reclaimable one to employ during a staff me eting and it teaches the value of communication and the need for effective and clear communication in order to work as a team.Communication git be viewed as an busy process that is in turn influenced by the complexities and am forgeduities of human behaviour. It is riddled with the possible of breakdown. Clampitt sates that We actively construct meanings within a unique vortex that includes the manner of speaking utilize, the context of the utterances, and the hatful involved (2005, p.8). It is a process where elements such(prenominal) as any non-verbal actions, individuals own interpretation and own ascribed meaning stub hold in an influence. Communications strategies to construct a clear and unambiguous nub fag end encourage effective and forthwith communication. in that location are certain barriers twain physical and psychological that can hinder communication as Clampitt states and it is serious to be sure(predicate) of these. some(prenominal)thing that prevent s a message being understood is seen as a barrier. These are some barriers that can occur when communicatingCulture, background, and preconceived idea Our culture, background, and bias can allow us to change the meaning of a message, which can interfere with the communication process.Noise Noise impedes communication as it can both distract the vector and receiver so that submersion is hard and to a fault muffle and distort the message being sent. experience If we feel the person is hard to understand for instance talking to rapidly, not fluently or is not articulate enough the receiver can dismiss that person. Preconceived attitudes can excessively affect our ability to listen.Ourselves There is a tendency to localize on ourselves rather the person communicating which can cause conflict and confusion. Some of these factors that affect communication are ego and the feeling of superiority.Message Distractions can happen when someone doesnt olfaction at the idea presented a nd chooses to focus on facts. Semantic distractions are when a word is employ in a different manor than you prefer.environmental these can include a range of stimulus that can interpret potential distraction.Stress People view things differently when under stress. A message can be influenced by psychological frame of intelligence and our beliefs, knowledge, experience and values.Communication is vital within the child care profession in order for good communication it is required to understand the different components. Communication consists of the pastime methods verbal, non-verbal communication, and compose. Verbal communication is a communication method use word of mouth. For instance holding a conversation with someone requires the tuition of skills and social coordination which way having the ability to start and end conversations, the ability to fork over an interest and being able to interest the person you are having a conversation with. Argyle (1988) devised the Sender and Reciever Model which encodes the utter messages by the sender and decodes the messages then by the reciever.Sender Encodes MessageDecodes RecieverVerbal communication is used to greet people, problem solve and stick out support. It can also helps with chance(a) labors such as, explaining issues and procedures exchanging ideas or learning ideas. It is necessary for childcare prationers to soak up extremely attuned social skills, as they are dealing with people every twenty-four hour period and oral communication is central in being able to sting and to have relationships with people. Thompson 1986 argued that commuinication is imperative for two major reasons these where as follows one to change people to share information and two enabling people to have relationships with people. Thompson stated that relationship is the communcation. There are certain barriers that occur development verbal communication within the Childrens services such as semantic barriers, dialect, and language and tempo message. Other barriers include message complexity and message overload, which is when a person receives too some(prenominal) messages at the same time.scripted communication is another useful communication channel and is very outstanding between different professionals. Writting information down get hold ofs records more pernament and more accurate. indite informnation is unlike a verbal message which can become perverse when being verbally passed to people There are barriers in written communications such as the illegibility of peoples hand writing or if the written message is misunderstood.. The rules governing writing are also different compared to oral communication as it is necessary in written communication to maintain accuracy and darity. When writing information there is a need to break off that all of the information is correct as if the information is recorded treat it could result in problems. As problems can occur such as delays i n meeting the inescapably of the children and parents not being able to make the right decision due to the vagueness of information recorded being otiose to deliver an organised service. An example of written communication documents is staff rotas covering times of work and holiday. Lastly Non verbal communication is everything other than spoken words, this includes paralanguage this is um or ah sounds, the playscript of the talking, the pace and accent. A very big part of non-verbal communication is facial expressions as these are indictors to others or so our feelings, attitudes, states of headway and relationships.Non-verbal communication can also include eye contact, proximity, posture and gestures. each(prenominal) three ship canal of communication have problems but are an effective way to communicate with others when used in the right way.Communication is about active listening as well as communicating with the necessary sincerity and compassion. Listening is a key ski ll and should not be underestimated. One of the purposes of listening is to convey interest and respect for the other person and this is crucial to solve problems that arise and to also meet another persons needs as well as our own. Studies have revealed that listening is the on the full-page the most frequent aspect of workplace communication (Adler and Elmhorst, 1999). Other studies have also found that Managers spend on average 65-90% of their working day listening to someone, with the percentage of time increasing with level of managerial office (Kotter, 1982, Nichols Stevens, 1990). However research highlights that people generally people achieve no more than 25-50% accuracy in interpreting the meaning of each others remarks (Spitzberg, 1994). This means misunderstanding is very common. Furthermore tuning listening skills and becoming competent at listening would improve workplace communication significantly. There are barriers that hinder the ability to listen. For one Peo ple are very quick to jump to conclusions and form a judgement before the speaker has finished, this in turn can mean that the message intended is misinterpreted. People also have a tendency to hear what they want to hear and be inattentive while cultural issues or the interruption of the speaker can also prevent people from listening. Developing active listening skills such as listening to non-verbal as well as verbal language, paraphrasing, victimisation feedback, and asking appropriate questions can help to identify possible misinterpretations of the message, as well as check for unintended messages.Good communication is utterly essential and key when working with children, young people, families and carers. It is central in create trust amongst the users and staff within this context. In order to maintain relationships it needs to be an active process that involves listening, understanding and responding accordingly. Communication is both necessary on the one-on-one basis and also when working in a group and it is important to realise when to focus on the individual and when to focus on groups. Another thing to be aware of isthat communication is a two way process that is necessary to make sure the person feels valued and respected. Communication should also be matched appropriately to the stage of development, in-person circumstances, and needs of the person being addressed. The culture and context when communicating needs to be thought about for instance, the professional should hold awareness and communicate appropriately if English is an additional language, the child is disabled or at risk of under-achievement or other poor outcomes. Effective communication is also about utilising the best communication method appropriately and being aware of any barriers that could occur these could include poverty, disability, anxiety, cultural differences and religious requirements.It is the managers duty to make sure communication within the team is effective. There are many ways a manager can help and improve a teams communication. The first is to keep all the communication channels open. Management should be always there to listen and actively participate with the team. A inexpugnable relationship withmanagement is important for communication and in turn the productivity of the team. The second is to offer some form of staff training in clear communication. Miscommunication is all too common in the working military personnel and training in correct communication can easily help avoid miscommunication. Teaching employees to communicate in a clear and little manor and listen carefully to the speaker can rectify this. Classes in other forms of communication can also be of help. Lastly it is good to invite feedback from staff and hold regular meetings both of which can provide a solid avenue for communication. All people are different and are better at different methods of communication so providing as many avenues as possible is a goo d way to checker communication is easy for others. Team meetings are a fantastic way to give everyone a chance to participate and have their say. It allows people to serve and contribute to decisions involving the workplace making them feel respected and that their feedback counts.Communication is a highly complex process and to improve interpersonal communication, a instinct(predicate) knowledge and understanding of communication skills are essential. Communication is not just about speaking it is about active listening, written and non-verbal ways of communication. Any team who wants to be successful needs to communicate in a direct and clear manor. Management should ensure that communication skills are good and that it is an ongoing process. Communication allows a team to work together effectively. Communication is an important skill especially when working as a childcare practitioner as without communication a childs needs cannot be met. discourse EXERCISEHave two people lea d the group leadership need to try and physically arrange all of the players in resultant age order (youngest to oldest) Each leader has specific limitations restricting the tranquility in which they can do this. leader One cannot see and has the following limitations can only ask yes or no questions cannot touch anyoneLeader Two can see and can touch people but has the following limitations cannot speakAll other players in the group can only answer yes or no to any questions and cannot move unless move by Leader Two.Communication RationaleThe rationale for this particular communication exercise was to teach each person the importance of clear and direct communication and its importance when working as a team. Effective communication includes a range of skills which include things like body language, clear speech, eye contact and active listening. Communication activities like the one I used for my presentation allow participants to focus on these skills and understand their imp act on the effectiveness of communication.The task also enlarged the importance of working as a team to overcome limitations and complete the task set. The team players had to try and understand one another using different communication strategies in order to complete the exercise successfully and within the time cap. Furthermore this task forced players to perform with limitations such as not being able to speak or not being able to use pass etc. During this game, the demand for effective communication from each player was essential. besides the understanding of each teammates portion on the team, as well as their own, was vital to the teams success. Players needed to understand their roles and accomplish their tasks in their roles, without trying to do everything.This communication exercise was designed to help the participants become more aware of the importance of communication in all forms whether verbal or non-verbal. They also had to uses direct and precise communication so not to confuse other team members. They also had to have an awareness and acceptance of the varied roles within a team. Awareness comes with visual and verbal communication by the individual participant and their teammates.ResearchTypes of Communication Based on Communication bringThe process of communication can be broadly classified as verbal communication and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication includes written and oral communication whereas the non-verbal communication includes body language, facial expressions and visuals diagrams or pictures used for communication. Verbal CommunicationVerbal communication is further divided into written and oral communication. The oral communication refers to the spoken words in the communication process. Oral communication can either be face-to-face communication or a conversation over the phone or on the voice chat over the Internet. Spoken conversations or dialogs are influenced by voice modulation, pitch, volume and even the speed and clarity of speaking. The other type of verbal communication is written communication. Written communication can be either via garner mail, or email. The effectiveness of written communication depends on the style of writing, phrase used, grammar, clarity and precision of language. Nonverbal CommunicationNon-verbal communication includes the general body language of the person who is speaking, which will include the body posture, the hand gestures, and overall body movements. The facial expressions also play a major role while communication since the expressions on a persons face say a lot about his/her mood. On the other hand gestures like a handshake, a smile or a hug can singly convey emotions. Non verbal communication can also be in the form of pictorial representations, signboards, or even photographs, sketches and paintings.phrase from some British propaganda during WWII neatly sums up the dangers of ineffective communications Careless talk be lives. That may be over-dramatic in most cases where communications between sea furthesters or between ship and shore goawry but it does illustrate the importance of effective communications and the real dangers if they go badly wrong. paygradeThis task has allowed me to understand the importance of communication within a custody and how a team relies on communication to function. The presentation went well, I was able to get across the necessity of teamwork and the different methods of communication. The team all had limitations which meant not only did everyone have to communicate but they had to find different ways of communicating successfully. The problem was with the presentation is it lacked time ten minutes seemed far too short. I had to limit the presentation to literally just the task and a few words prior to explain the task and why communication was important. If I had more time I would have conducted a slightly different task.The team also wasnt able to complete the task first time so I had to allow them to try once more a second which was time consuming and meant I had to cut short the presentation and not summarise it as well as I would of liked to . The negatives to the task I did conduct were that a few people did not understand the instructions I gave them at first so I had to also explain the task again fully. If I was to re do the presentation I would simplify the task. I think all in all the presentation showed the class the value of communication whether verbal or non-verbal and how teamwork is essential in any difficult situation. It was essential for them to give all avenues of communication to pass the task.

Citizen Journalism in Malaysia

Citizen Journalism in MalaysiaINTRODUCTIONOnline citizen intelligence operation media is a hot topic that has been happened around us but there learn numerous perceptive or opinion regarding the definition and meaning derived from a sundry(a) sources. The existence of different schooling offers citizens access to a cast of topics, ideas, stories and capability in their writing. In this research will measure a credibility vacuum tube Online Broadcast (MBO) and Citizen Journalist Malaysia (CJMY) that accommodates variety of meat and topics that roughly serve this function in the Malaysia. Based on observation of the locate, underground Online Broadcast (MBO) and Citizen Journalist Malaysia (CJMY) is obviously to feature a greater transformation of cognitive content, topics, general entropy, lifestyle and inter sprightly.The contribution of word media correspond to (Goh, 2007) the press or journalism is known the compulsory component that played a role as the watchdog for a healthy democracy. Journalists ar played an classic duty as a journalist in our society. that, Goh excessively instal that Michael Schudson gives a similar definition which means journalism is the business of a set of institutions that promotes periodically information and on contemporary affairs. Basically, journalist argon presented their story as true and sincere peculiarly to an anonymous and dispel it to spectators openly including within discussion space which considered very cardinal.However, (Deuze,2006) stated that fundamentally journalism is undergoing a transformation. (Witt,2004) put up that beca physical exercise of the power of technological advancements present bring down the costs of publishing and with a computer now equating to a printing press individuals throw away immediate access to publishing suites. Bases on the observation, transformation has emerged the increasing audience expectation that a certain take aim of audience participation be p ermitted and indeed facilitated by the media.Online citizen journalism concord to (Bowman Willis, 2003), citizen journalism is defined a mess who dumb free-base a right in the process of collecting, analyzing, reporting and delivering news or information to the readers. They also stated that citizen who becomes a journalist are be given the chance to become a writers either in online and offline with a variety of forms and formats, working under a variety of editorial schemes that tensiones on a miscellanys ramble on of topics. The range whether from the expert to the generic and the micro-local to the global.According to the information at the website (Educause, 2007) citizen journalism is defined to citizen have an opportunity in which they sewer hand information or comment about news events at the website. Furthermore, lot could be denied that everyplace the years citizen journalism has advantage from the development of various technologies which includes the printi ng press that provided a different tools for the pamphleteers within 17th and eighteenth centuries. In addition, at that century was using a television, telegraph, and tape recorders which offered opportunities for people to participate in sharing news events and commentary.By the growth of digital technologies, society have unprecedented access to the tools of dissemination and production. The information were include citizen journalist of submitted reviews or opinion such(prenominal)(prenominal) as on a web site about movies to Wikipedia based news. According to (Educause, 2007) has stated that several(prenominal) sites only run stories written by citizen. However traditional news normally accept comments and news stories from readers. Citizen journalism indicate a difference but between simply offering opinion on a topic and developing a balanced story that will be originally useful to readers.Online citizen journalism do their workThe issues surrounding how citizen journalism works involve policy more than technology which make a communicate as main tools to convey their mission. A website or blog that only includes stories from nonprofessional journalists or citizen who willing to share their stories have responsibility for the content resting with the contributors, or as usual it can have or so level of editorial error make a decisions about such as checking facts or editing grammar.However, for a mainstream primary flow that allows citizen to comments or submit the story. To avoid any effect on make-ups credibility the policies must be established about these issues (Educause, 2007). Normally, citizen journalism projects would use a range of technologies which include digital video and audio online tools for notification or accessing stories, have a rules to block who can submit or edit content, and RSS tools to simplify accurate dissemination of content. Some citizen journalism were cull using wikis and collaborate writing and editing. Flickr pho tos and YouTube videos as an example of applications encourage users to attach to online resources (Educause, 2007).People who involved in online citizen journalismOnline citizen journalism were consisted a people who making a sites limited to nonprofessional reporting, such as in Malaysia there have tubing Online Broadcast and Citizen Journalist Malaysia but in overseas a divisions of traditional media companies that feature citizen journalism, such as CNNs I-Reporter. Basically, citizen use blogs, wikis, photo, video sharing sites, digital storytelling applications and other online media as tools for citizen journalism to deliver their stories. Most of them were taking a projects that relates to local approach, convey the news about citizen issues especially interest topics, such as financial matters, sexual activity issues, political issue and economics issue.Types of online citizen journalism website working in MalaysiaMetro Online BroadcastMetro Online Broadcast or MOB which acts as a citizen journalism site, gives an opportunity to the public to share news from their communities that may often go un inform or published. It is similar with newspaper which reports news and occurrent from around our community. MOB apart are the people known as citizen journalists who commence and determine the suit equal to(p) news content should be publish.The unnoticeable vital stories among community also are describe and covered in the MOB website. The process of news gathering and information had received from the journalists or known as MOBbers are confirmed and legalize with the help of a core team of journalists or MOB advisors who manage the site. In addition, readers can share their feedback, views and comments on stories that have been published.Citizen Journalists MalaysiaCitizen Journalism Malaysia or CJMY was introduced by Malaysia Kinis CEO, Premesh Chandran. He has started the citizen journalism training course with funding from International halfwa y for Journalists in the United States in 2008. The first training conducted in November at the same year. The aim of this website to existence of participants, without knowing a background with journalistic skills in order to improve their writing and develop new skills such as video story telling.CJMY has spawned 400 citizen journalists and 150 are an active reporters. Some of them have made their own name. There are over 80 training workshops have been conducted throughout Malaysia including in Perak, Kuala Lumpur, Johor, Kelantan, Penang, Sarawak and Sabah. The training and workshops was undefeated therefore CJMY become a platform for citizen journalists to host their work. Amateur journalists have an opportunity to make a right news is being reported and challenge them to feel a surrounding with sensitive issues.Development of citizen journalismPhenomena of citizen journalism was include veteran sites such as Slashdot and Indymedia. OhmyNews one of the noteworthy and the most influential news related weblogs in South Korean which in 2003 was attracting an estimated two million readers a day and online news site in that country (Gillmor, 2003). Other than that, Wikipedia also one of the source with manage as up to date news and currents events section. Currently, it was introduced as Wikinews and even citizen journalists have huge opportunity to produced video news through in sites such as YouTube and DailyMotion.According to (Flew, 2007) news media arrangings are adopting citizen journalism practices and are further citizens to get to their news sites succession professional journalists are also cooperating with citizen journalists in their news presentation and dissemination processes. However (Jenkins, 2008) found that major daily newspapers are rapidly inviting and subsequently sharing user generated content. For example comments, photos, videos and articles on their news sites.Based on the (Amanda, 2006) more than 1000 citizen news media organ izations are sustained through blogs and websites in local communities. Therefore, ordinary citizens enable to contribute news and information. However, the information that were provided by citizen journalist could influences community thoughts either in negative or positive ways.(Ashely, 2006) found that blog users were highly have a credibility to attribute in blogs rather than traditional media sources while also rating traditional sources as moderately credible. Nowadays, community more prefer choose a source of information through online. message diversity on online citizen journalismThe existence of online citizen journalism content in the marketplace may include diversity of information that citizens have contribute while making decisions related to the community environment. According to (Kim Ball-Rokeach, 2006) the utilisation of a diversity of content can encourage individual to give sensory faculty of self because it exposes people to various ideas. According to (Blan chard, 1977) diversity is also a matter of accuracy.According to (Pease, 1990) must have diversity of content and reporting should give a serious attention. The variety of content at the organization level would decrease because of the rising online competitors and declining profits. According to Pease newspapers normally limit their reportage to maintain their readers when faced a lot threat of competition. However, specific reportage may not fully meet the specific of accuracy because demographically made-to-order coverage can lack representativeness.According to (Carpenter, 2008) there are a couple of(prenominal) studies conducted on online citizen journalism publications but there have a differences in content probably attributed to the perceived changes in their readers. However, according to (Johnstone , 1976) citizen were prefer to generated content by published for small and more integrated audiences on a less permanent basis in order to encourage citizen journalists to p roduce content dissimilar from that daily newspaper journalists. By their observations, blogs are commonly used by online citizen journalism and newspaper journalists to disseminate their content.Smaller publications whether urban or rural are focus on community especially about conflict, advocacy over objectivity and evaluation over consecutive reporting. According to (Donahue, 1972) smaller publications distribute a stories communitys postulate with their desire to make professional journalistic content. However, they are not take as online newspapers. Their normally loyalty not steadily toward their community.This is because according to modern survey by (Schaffer, 2007) most of the online citizen journalists perceive they are be able to solve community problems and encourage a high local voter turnout. But the value of content it was failed to known widely by online citizen journalists in the marketplace. The situation would be seen through (Carpenter, 2008) online citizen journalists were rarely to rely the opinion by media routines and prefer producing stories that use more unofficial sources.According to (Pease, 1990) previously newsroom leadership have failed morally and economically to diversity the content because they only think on hiring minorities in the newsroom. Negative actions in socializes among journalists would affects the presence of content diversity. However (Shoemaker Reese, 1996) were argued compliance to routines and the implementation of similar news values to stories will causation the content become variety to the public.Then the researcher would analysed the selected online citizen journalism website by using quantitative content analysis. This is because it is suitable for measuring large quantities of data. According to (American Society of Newspaper Editors, 2002) the responsibility and roles of a journalist is very important because readers really care about have been show but not how the stories will be published. Th ey are also be able to evaluator based on the content rather than the process.For this research, the researcher are focus on a diversity content in online citizen journalism website which is Metro Online Broadcast (MOB) and Citizen Journalist Malaysia (CJMY). This research also are created to measure of content diversity to make the comparisons for each topics. The content was measured the general information that provide diversity of content on both website, news source, and topics selection. primary winding topic in online citizen journalism websiteOne of the author in the (Project for worth in Journalism, 1999) stated that the increasingly of topics that covered by the news organization will showing an excellent of the organization. They stated that a diversity of topics would describes only about community issue. This study will evaluate the diversity level of articles by utilizing Simpsons D. According to (McDonald Dimmick, 2003) Simpsons D was measures the proportions acro ss categories and the diversity will considered an optimal measure to improve of its interpretative capability.The content that found at the online citizen journalism is probably similar with smaller publications. According to (Janowitz, 1952) smaller publications are most focus on the coverage on adult male interest, social events and athletics. Whereas, larger publications are more to concentrate on disposal and crime topics. Based on research of (Project for Excellence in Journalism, 1999) found that the topics such as business, government, crime and foreign relation stories were has greater reported proportion than other stories such as accident, entertainment, science reporting and elections that includes in newspaper.